Pyometra

What is Pyometra?

Pyometra, which is commonly known as uterine infection (womb infection) in Singapore, is a severe threat that can occur in unspayed young and older female cats and dogs, leading to death if not promptly treated. In pyometra, the uterus is filled with bacteria and pus and is in the risk of rupture especially if it is a closed pyometra. In an open pyometra, the cervix is opened, hence vaginal discharge can be seen. 

Pyometra occurs when females undergo multiple heat cycles which cause the uterine wall to become thickened and cystic,, predisposing the uterus to an infection. This is why pyometra tends to occur in middle age to older females. The safest and quickest solution involves surgical removal of the infected uterus.

Pyometra surgery involves removing the entire female reproductive tract (uterus and ovaries). Antibiotics are often administered during and possibly after the surgery, followed by hospitalisation for a few days.

Pyometra is a severe condition commonly diagnosed in unspayed or unsterilised pets. Symptoms of pyometra include:

• Brown/yellow discharge from the vulva (for open pyometra)
• Noticeable fatigue or lack of energy
• Excessive drinking and urination
• High fevers
• Loss of appetite and/or weight loss
• Depression
• Vomiting and/or diarrhoea
• Noticeably bloated abdomen
• Dehydration

If you notice any symptoms in your pet, schedule an appointment with the veterinarian immediately.

How is Pyometra diagnosed in Singapore?

Early in the disease, pets with pyometra may exhibit a mild vaginal discharge with no apparent signs of illness. 

Abnormal vaginal discharge in an unsterilized female dog or cat which is unwell will make your veterinarian suspect a pyometra. However, do not assume that there will always be vaginal discharge as your pet may have a closed pyometra. 

Your veterinarian may be able to feel a distended uterus during a physical examination. Blood tests will also show high white blood cell count which indicates an infection. Abdominal radiographs and/or abdominal ultrasound will be required to confirm the diagnosis. 

How does Pyometra surgery work?

Before the operation, your pet will undergo crucial stabilization in a clinic or hospital, receiving antibiotics, pain relief and intravenous fluids while tests assess the severity of the issue. Your pet will then be put under general anaesthetia for surgery. As pyometra patients usually present as emergencies, no fasting is required before anaesthetia. 

Once your pet is anaesthetised, a lengthwise incision is made along the belly to access the abdominal cavity. The enlarged uterus is usually easily located and will be examined for any areas of rupture. The ovaries and uterus are meticulously excised, and the abdominal cavity is thoroughly cleaned.

Following the removal of the infected uterus and ovaries, the rest of the abdominal organs are carefully placed back inside, the inner body layers are sutured, and the abdominal skin is closed with stitches or staples (to be removed at a later stage).

Benefits of Pyometra Surgery in Singapore

• Life-saving intervention: addresses severe infections in your pet’s uterus. 
• Limits the possibility of disease recurrence: eliminates the source of the infection by completely removing the infected uterus and ovaries.
• Prevention of hormonal influence: complete removal of the ovaries ensures prevention of hormonal influence on any remaining uterine stumps, preventing the development of stump pyometra.

What results are to be expected from pyometra surgery?

Following the surgery, your pet will receive dedicated post-operative care under vigilant supervision for 48 to 72 hours. Addressing potential complications to secure a speedy recovery ensures your pet's well-being. A follow-up check-up will be scheduled, where stitches will be removed (if any).

Maintaining a calm and quiet environment for your pet is important to prevent any additional stress that could compromise the recovery period (especially important to prevent stitches from opening up).

Untreated pyometra poses a serious threat, potentially leading to a deadly, overwhelming infection and sepsis. However, early diagnosis and surgical intervention offer a good prognosis for most patients. Pets with sepsis or a ruptured uterus face a more challenging prognosis. Those treated medically may encounter recurrent infections. 

Frequently asked questions

How can I prevent pyometra in my pet?

Preventing pyometra is entirely achievable by opting to sterilise your pet before any uterus infection develops. Spaying removes ovaries and the uterus, preventing your pet from developing pyometra. For pets intended for breeding, strategic breeding at the appropriate age followed by spaying is highly recommended.

Can my pet live with untreated pyometra?

Pyometra is a severe condition that impacts female pets and can be fatal if left untreated. Effective treatment involves emergency surgery to remove the uterus completely, antibiotic medications and intravenous fluids. Immediate intervention can significantly improve your pet’s chances of survival and chances of recovery.