What To Do If Your Pet Rabbit Stops Eating – Advice From A Veterinarian

Rabbits need to constantly eat to maintain gastrointestinal motility and digestion, refusing to eat can be a serious problem in rabbits.

Our pet rabbits love to eat and nibble on food. Understandably, it can be a cause for concern when they stop eating. In fact, rabbits need to constantly eat to maintain normal gastrointestinal (GI) movement, and when your rabbit stops eating, this can lead to GI stasis, which can be a life-threatening condition.

In this article, our veterinarian gives us the low down on rabbit digestion, what it means if our pet rabbit stops eating, and what to do about it. Read on to find out more!

Why is my rabbit not eating?

Understanding rabbit digestion

Rabbits are monogastric, hindgut-fermenting herbivores. Their digestive tract involves a simple stomach, small intestine, a large caecum, and the colon. The large caecum of the rabbit is responsible for digesting and absorbing a large portion of the nutrients from their diet. The caecum houses the gut microflora of the rabbit where fibres such as pectin and hemicellulose are fermented and metabolised to produce nutrients that the rabbit can use.

Additionally, rabbits require large amounts of fibre to maintain intestinal motility. Intestinal movements are important to keep the intestinal contents moving to enhance fermentation for nutrient absorption. This is why rabbits have to eat a lot of fibre, and they achieve this by constantly eating. The fibres from the rabbits' food help maintain caecum motility and dental health. When your rabbit stops eating or does not have enough to eat, inadequate fibre can inhibit GI peristalsis leading to GI stasis.

Gastrointestinal (GI) stasis

When a rabbit stops eating or eats less, GI motility is impaired, slowing down the movement of the intestines and retaining food in the caecum. This retention can eventually lead to an imbalance of gut bacteria in the caecum, leading to a buildup of gas due to overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria. Gas and bloating can lead to pain and stress for the rabbit, further decreasing appetite. This can lead to a cycle of reduced GI motility, anorexia, and eventually GI stasis or ileus.

Further accumulation of fluid or gas during GI stasis can lead to death due to stomach rupture, hypovolaemic shock, or sepsis from bacteria released into the bloodstream.

Causes of loss of appetite

Rabbits can stop eating, or eat less when they are sick or stressed. Various conditions that cause pain and discomfort discourages them from eating, which may lead to ileus or GI stasis. GI stasis can be triggered by many causes, such as:

Dental problems – Dental problems such as overgrown teeth and mouth ulcers can cause loss of appetite due to pain.
Stress – Environmental changes, dietary changes, and anxiety can lead to refusal to eat in your rabbit. Try to identify and remove the potential source of stress and see if your rabbit starts eating again.
Pain – Pain from GI stasis, dental diseases, GI obstructions, chronic illnesses, or other conditions can lead to loss of appetite which may trigger GI stasis.
Infections – Infections can include pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Clostridium spiroforme, Salmonella, Pseudomonas), viruses (rabbit enteric coronavirus, rotavirus, rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus) and parasites (Encephalitozoon cuniculi, coccidia, cryptosporidia, worms).
Other infections involving other parts of the body such as the urinary tract or respiratory system can also cause pain, discomfort, and loss of appetite.
Dysbiosis – Dysbiosis refers to the disruption or the imbalance of the gut microbiome. This can result in the overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria. Frequently feeding treats high in carbohydrates and fats, such as nuts, seeds, baked goods, and high-sugar fruits can predispose your rabbit to dysbiosis.
Neoplasia – Tumours and cancers along the GI tract, such as the mouth, stomach, intestines, rectum, bile duct, and even on the uterus, can lead to pain and discomfort. In some cases, tumour masses can also cause obstruction of the GI tract.
Medications – In some cases, side effects from medications can lead to loss of appetite or slowed GI motility, such as in opioids, anaesthetics, and anticholinergic medications. Medications such as antibiotics may also lead to alterations in the gut microbiome or dysbiosis.
Obstructions – GI obstructions can lead to pain, discomfort and anorexia. In the case of complete obstructions, gas may accumulate and lead to bloating.
Liver lobe torsion – Liver lobe torsion occurs when the liver lobe twists on itself, leading to disrupted blood flow and potentially liver damage. The pain from the twisted lobe can lead to loss of appetite. Liver lobe torsion can be life-threatening if not treated within 12 to 72 hours of onset of symptoms.

What are the signs that my rabbit is not eating?

It is important to visit your veterinarian if your rabbit has not been eating.

Rabbits constantly eat, so if they are not munching on their food, it may indicate that your rabbit is unwell. You may want to check your rabbit for any signs of illnesses, such as:

Overgrown teeth and/or mouth ulcers
Eye and/or nasal discharge
Presence of lumps or bumps on your rabbit’s body, which may be abscesses or tumours

In some cases, the loss of appetite may not be very apparent. You can look for other signs such as:

Absence or less faecal matter than normal
Smaller size of faecal matter
Change in consistency of faecal matter
Weight loss – weigh your rabbit with a baby scale
Lethargy and being less active
Refusal to eat their favourite treat
Increase in leftover food
Decrease in water intake
Teeth grinding, also known as bruxism

If you notice any of these signs, it is advisable to reach out to your veterinarian as soon as possible.

What should I do if my rabbit is not eating?

A thorough examination of your pet rabbit is crucial in understanding why your rabbit is not eating properly.

GI stasis in rabbits can be a life-threatening condition. If your rabbit has not eaten in 8 hours, it is considered a medical emergency and a vet visit is necessary.

Identify potential causes – You may want to identify potential causes that lead to the loss of appetite. In many cases, environmental stressors, such as changes in the temperature, loud noises, changes in food, or dirty cages, can lead to your rabbit refusing food.
If these are unlikely, look for other signs of illnesses, such as lethargy, eye or nasal discharge, abnormal behaviour, changes in bowel movement, or palpable masses on your rabbits’ body.
Increase their water intake – Try to get them to drink more water to maintain hydration. You can prepare a fresh bowl of water, or feed them water with a syringe.
Force feed if necessary – If a vet visit has to be delayed, you may try to force feed emergency recovery food to your rabbit. These typically come in powder form that you mix with water and pump into your rabbit’s mouth with a syringe.
Visit your vet immediately – Essentially, a vet visit is important to diagnose your rabbit and to prevent complications or death associated with GI stasis.
If you are unsure how long your rabbit has gone without food, it is highly recommended to take them to the vet immediately. The vet will be able to provide the necessary supportive care for your pet.

Diagnosis

The vet will perform tests to diagnose and identify the problems that lead to your rabbit refusing food. These include:

Physical examinations – Your vet will look for signs of dental diseases, bloating, abdominal distension, or lumps and bumps that can lead to pain and loss of appetite. They may also check your rabbit’s blood pressure, heart rate, and mucous membranes.
It is important to provide adequate information regarding your pet’s medical history and signs and symptoms, including:
- When the symptoms started
- When your rabbit last ate
- Dietary environmental changes
- Recent medications
- History of other illnesses
- Behavioural changes
Blood tests – Blood tests can help your vet assess blood counts, biochemistry panel, and glucose levels to identify potential causes of illness. Full blood counts can be used to look for signs of infection or inflammation, while biochemistry panels are typically done to assess organ functions, such as liver and kidney functions. Chronic disease can lead to organ failure, causing loss of appetite. High glucose levels typically indicate obstructive disorders in your rabbit.
Imaging tests – Imaging tests, such as ultrasounds and x-ray radiographs are useful in looking for GI obstruction, accumulated gas, caecoliths, foreign objects (such as hairballs), tumours, or liver lobe torsion.
Faecal samples – Your vet may also take faecal samples to look for parasites or other infectious agents.

Treatment

Treatment for reduced appetite in rabbits can vary according to the underlying cause that led to refusal of food in your rabbit. Your vet may need to put your rabbit on supportive care if they are in an emergent state.

Supportive care – Supportive care can include fluid support and nutritional support. Your vet may recommend subcutaneous fluids or intravenous catheters to prevent dehydration. It is also important to ensure your rabbit continues to eat, your vet may recommend nutritional replacements or emergency recovery food if they still refuse to eat their normal diet.
Pain medication – Your vet may also prescribe pain medications to relieve pain and discomfort associated with GI stasis. Pain relief may also encourage your rabbit to start eating on their own again.
Antibiotics – In cases involving dysbiosis or bacterial infections, your vet may prescribe antibiotics to combat the infection.
GI medications – Medications can be given to reduce gas production or to improve GI motility in non-obstructive GI stasis.
It is important to only give your pet medications as instructed by your vet. Talk to your vet if you have concerns or questions regarding medications for your pet.
Surgery – In certain cases, your pet may need surgery for things like obstructive diseases, tumours, caecoliths, or liver lobe torsion.

Most uncomplicated cases of GI stasis typically resolve within 5 days after medical treatment. For more serious illnesses or conditions, your vet may recommend hospitalisation for your rabbit and several weeks of treatment. Once home, you may need to monitor your rabbit over the next several days to ensure they are eating and pooping normally.

Summary

Loss of appetite is a concerning sign in rabbits. Rabbits that lose their appetite and stop eating can develop GI stasis, a painful condition caused by the cessation of GI movement leading to gas buildup. GI stasis can result from not eating due to conditions such as dental disorders, stress, anxiety, pain associated with other conditions, infections, and tumours. In most of these cases, a vet visit is necessary to diagnose the underlying cause.

If your rabbit has gone 8 hours without eating, it is important to seek veterinary attention immediately. GI stasis or ileus can be a life-threatening condition if not treated immediately. Schedule a consultation with us today for a detailed diagnosis and treatment plan for your furry friend.

Frequently Asked Questions

How long can a rabbit live with GI stasis?

Rabbits can die from GI stasis in a short amount of time. Typically, going a day without eating can result in death. For this reason, it is important to ensure constant availability of food and water for your rabbit, and to seek veterinary attention immediately if your rabbit goes 6 to 8 hours without eating.

What does GI stasis poop in rabbits look like?

GI stasis in rabbits can result in changes of consistency or texture in their poop, more importantly GI stasis results in the absence of or reduction in faecal output. Monitoring your rabbits bowel movements and poop on a regular basis can help in identifying early changes to bowel movements that indicate an illness.

Can I treat GI stasis at home?

It is not recommended to treat GI stasis at home or using home remedies. Simple causes, such as environmental changes or stress, can be fixed relatively easily if you can identify the problem. However, underlying causes or pathologies require a vet visit for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) or Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) in Dogs & Cats

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) or chronic renal failure (CRF) in cats and dogs is a progressive and irreversible condition where they lose their ability to effectively filter waste. As opposed to acute kidney injury which is still reversible. It is, unfortunately, one of the most common ailments ageing pets can have, and it can be emotionally challenging to pet owners.

Although this condition is irreversible, understanding the condition allows us to manage it more effectively to improve our cats and dogs’ quality of life, minimise symptoms and slow down the progression of the disease.

Chronic kidney diseases are more common in older or senior dogs and cats.

What is Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs and Cats?

Chronic kidney disease in dogs and cats refer to the structural and functional impairment of the kidneys in these animals. The definition of “chronic” means that the disease has been ongoing for a longer period as compared to “acute”. In CKD, the kidney damage has existed for at least 1-3 months.

The kidneys are responsible for a number of systemic functions, including excretion of metabolic wastes, acid-base balance, blood pressure, and endocrine functions ^[1]. Impaired or loss of function of one or both of the kidneys will consequently affect your pet’s health.

What are the symptoms of Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs and Cats?

The kidneys are important in maintaining water and electrolyte balance in the body, early signs of CKD in dogs and cats may appear as excessive thirst and urination. Furthermore, since the kidneys also play important roles in regulating different functions of the body, other symptoms may also appear. Common signs and symptoms of CKD in dogs and cats include:

Excessive thirst
Excessive urination
Weight loss
Loss of appetite
Vomiting and diarrhoea
Depression
Lethargy
Anaemia (appears as pale gums)
Bad breath

It’s important to note that chronic kidney disease in our pets is progressive and long-lasting, and significant kidney damage may already be present by the time symptoms manifest. Early detection and treatment are crucial to help slow the progression of the disease.

When should I take my dog or cat to the vet?

As a general rule of thumb, pet owners are advised to take their pet to the vet if you experience changes in your pet’s behaviour, appetite, or physical condition lasting more than 24 to 48 hours. The symptoms mentioned above would be a good guideline of what to look out for.

Early detection is key, so it is recommended to have regular vet check-ups scheduled annually for younger pets and biannually for older or at-risk pets to catch any health issues before they become severe.

Excessive thirst is a common early sign of chronic kidney disease in dogs and cats.

What causes Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs and Cats?

Chronic kidney disease in dogs and cats is considered to be a progressive disease. It is thought that an initiating injury to the one or both kidneys causes nephron loss or damage, which slowly progresses and causes the deterioration of the kidneys ^[2]. Examples of primary kidney diseases that can lead to CKD include:

Bacterial pyelonephritis – Bacterial pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection of the kidneys of dogs and cats. A urinary tract infection which ascended from the bladder to the kidneys can cause bacterial pyelonephritis.
Viral, bacterial or fungal infections – Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) in cats, leptospirosis (dogs), rickettsial infections from tick fever (dogs) can cause kidney issues which may lead to kidney damage.
Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) and ureterolithiasis (ureteral stones) – Formations of kidney and ureter stones can damage the kidneys as they cause physical obstruction to urine formation or flow.
Acute kidney injuries – Acute kidney injury (AKI) in dogs and cats refers to sudden renal damage or injury. Among the things that can cause AKI include the ingestion of toxins for example, lilies for cats, grapes/raisins (dogs) and heavy metals. Certain medications and chemotherapy drugs can also cause AKI. AKI is still reversible if it is caught early, and treatment is done. AKI can progress on to CRF if undetected or undertreated.

Cancers – Lymphoma is a cancer which is more common in cats and dogs. The cancer cells arise from lymphocytes which are a type of white blood cell and spread via the bloodstream to the organs like the kidneys, gastrointestinal tract and spleen.

Immune-mediated disease – Immune-mediated diseases can cause glomerulonephritis, a condition where immune complexes are trapped in the glomeruli, the network of vessels in the kidneys that make up the filtration system. This leads to damage of the glomeruli.
Genetic/inherited disorders – Several genetic diseases that are associated with CKD in small animals include:

Polycystic kidney disease – an inherited condition more common in cats than in dogs. Persians and Persian-related cat breeds are the most common ones affected. The disease is characterised by formation of cysts, which are fluid-filled pockets, in the kidneys. These cysts may grow and replace the normal kidney structure, leading to CRF.
Amyloidosis – An inherited disease caused by the accumulation of abnormal amyloid proteins in the organs of the body, including the kidneys, liver and heart. This condition is rare and typically affects specific breeds (e.g. Abyssinian cats and Shar Pei dogs).
Renal dysplasia or renal malformation – A rare congenital condition characterised by poor development of the kidneys before birth. It can affect one or both of the kidneys, animals with both kidneys affected typically die shortly after birth.

What are the risk factors for Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs and Cats?

CKD can affect any pet, but certain factors can increase the risk of renal issues and CKD in dogs and cats, the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) reported the following as risk factors of CKD in dogs and cats:

Age – CKD is more common in older pets, more than 10% of dogs and 30% of cats aged 15 years are diagnosed with CKD¹. CKD in younger pets are typically associated with inherited renal diseases.
Breed – Studies have suggested that certain breeds of dogs and cats are more at risk of developing CKD, these include Shar Pei, Bull Terrier, English Cocker Spaniel, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, West Highland White Terrier and Boxers in dogs, and Persian, Abyssinian, Siamese, Ragdoll, Burmese, Russian Blue and Maine Coon in cats.
Diet – Certain diets are also implicated to increase the risk of CKD, particularly low potassium or high phosphorus with high protein diets.
Acute kidney injury – Acute injuries from primary or secondary kidney diseases can progress into CKD.
Comorbidities – Comorbidities such as hypercalcaemia, periodontal diseases, kidney stones, cystitis, and hypertension may increase the risk of CKD in dogs and cats.
Medications – Use of certain medications has been reported to be associated with the development of CKD, these medications include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, amphotericin and chemotherapeutic agents.

Every vet consultation starts with a thorough clinical examination of your pet to check for physical abnormalities.

How is Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs and Cats diagnosed?

Your vet may suspect CKD in your pet from their symptoms and clinical examination. They will also perform several tests to diagnose CKD.

Physical examination – This will involve checking for signs of dehydration, palpation to assess the size or regularity of the kidneys. CKD in dogs and cats may cause the kidneys to be small and irregular, or enlarged in cases of cancers, inflammation or obstruction.
Urinalysis – Urine samples from your pet will be taken to assess renal function by measuring the concentration of the urine. Urine can also be tested for the presence of protein, blood, and pathogens in your pet’s urine.
Blood tests – Blood tests to measure the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, serum phosphate and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) levels.

X-rays/radiographs – X-rays can be beneficial in visualising the kidney size and to detect the presence of kidney stones and ureteral stones.
Ultrasound – Ultrasound imaging can also help the vet assess the condition of the kidney and urinary tract.

Stages of CKD in dogs and cats

The stages of CKD in dogs and cats can provide information on the extent of kidney damage. The IRIS has classified CKD stages as follows:

Staging based on serum creatinine and SDMA levels:

Stage	Serum creatinine levels (mg/dl)SDMA levels (µg/dl)
Stage	Dogs	Cats
1(Nonazotemic)	<1.4<18	<1.6<18
2(Mild renal azotemia)	1.4 - 2.818 - 35	1.6 - 2.818 - 25
3(Moderate renal azotemia)	2.9 - 5.036 - 54	2.9 - 5.026 - 38
4(Severe renal azotemia)	>5.0>54	>5.0>38

Substaging based on proteinuria:

Substage	Urine protein to creatinine ratio (UP/C)
Substage	Dogs	Cats
Non-proteinuric	<0.2	<0.2
Borderline proteinuric	0.2 - 0.5	0.2 - 0.4
Proteinuric	>0.5	>0.4

Substaging based on blood pressure:

Blood pressure substage	Systolic blood pressure in dogs and cats (mmHg)	Risk of future target organ damage
Normotensive	<140	Minimal
Prehypertensive	140 - 159	Low
Hypertensive	160 - 179	Moderate
Severely hypertensive	>=180	High

These staging methods can be used as a guide on deciding the most ideal treatment approach for your pet. During your consultation, your pet’s test results will be reviewed and explained in detail. Your vet will provide guidance on the next steps for you and your pet, along with a personalised treatment plan tailored to their needs.

How is Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs and Cats treated?

Although CKD is irreversible, steps can be taken to slow down further loss of renal function. CKD is treated by managing symptoms and correcting the imbalance in metabolic and systemic functions. Treatments for CKD in dogs and cats are tailored to individual pets and include the following:

Fluid therapy – Intravenous fluid therapy is commonly done to treat dehydration, this can only be done in a clinic or hospital. Subcutaneous administration of fluids can be done in pets who are unable to maintain proper hydration levels by oral intake alone. This can be done on an outpatient basis.

Dietary management – One of the most important aspects of CKD management in your pet is dietary management. Your veterinarian may recommend a prescription diet which contains less protein, phosphorus and sodium that is easier on the kidneys. Your pet will need to be on this diet for the rest of its life. Additionally, you should ensure fresh water is always available for your pet to ensure proper hydration.

Phosphate binders – Phosphate binders are used to reduce the serum levels of phosphorus which are not expelled due to impaired kidney function.

Potassium supplements – Low potassium levels, also known as hypokalaemia, is common in dogs and cats with CKD. Other than impaired kidney function, acid-base imbalance and gastrointestinal complications also contribute to hypokalaemia⁶. To manage this, your vet may recommend potassium supplements for your pet.
Management of proteinuria – Proteinuria which is protein in the urine is associated with a poorer prognosis. Angiotensin receptor blockers or ACE inhibitors are typically used to treat proteinuria in your pet. The use of ACE inhibitors may also contribute to hyperkalaemia, hence the use of the medication should only be done as per your vet’s instruction.

Hypertension – Systemic hypertension is a common complication of CKD and it can lead to further progression of CKD as well as damage to other organs such as the brain, heart and eyes. Anti-hypertensive medications will be needed to manage this.
Management of anaemia – Damage to the kidneys also affects the ability to produce the hormone erythropoietin which is the main hormone involved in red blood cell production. Erythropoietin injections or even blood transfusion may be needed if anaemia is severe.

Treatment and management of CKD in dogs and cats are done for the rest of your pet’s life. It is important to continue monitoring your pet’s health and attend regular check-ups to ensure that they are responding well to the treatment.

Summary

Early detection and diagnosis of kidney injuries or kidney diseases can potentially mitigate the progression of CKD. Management of CKD is done for the rest of your pet’s life, hence why early detection and management can provide a better prognosis for your dog or cat.If you notice signs and symptoms of CKD in your pet, a prompt visit to your vet is important.

Our team at Dr Paws Vet Care understands the challenges that come with CKD, and is dedicated to providing compassionate, long-term care tailored to your pet’s needs. We are committed to supporting you every step of the way to ensure your furry friend has the best quality of life possible. Schedule a consultation with us today for a comprehensive diagnosis and personalised treatment for your pet.

Frequently Asked Questions

Dropdown Accordion

Unfortunately, there is no cure for CKD and kidney failure in dogs and cats. However, treatments are available to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Proper treatment ensures your pet feels as comfortable as possible despite the condition.

Prognosis and life expectancy depend on the severity of the disease, and how well your pet responds to the treatments for CKD. Most pets can live for several months to years after their CKD diagnosis.

CKD is more common in cats than in dogs, with 0.5 to 1.0% of dogs and 1.0% to 3.0% of cats affected. CKD is also more common in older pets.

References

Bartges JW. Chronic kidney disease in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2012 Jul;42(4):669-92, vi. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.04.008. Epub 2012 May 19. PMID: 22720808.
Brown CA, Elliott J, Schmiedt CW, Brown SA. Chronic Kidney Disease in Aged Cats: Clinical Features, Morphology, and Proposed Pathogeneses. Vet Pathol. 2016 Mar;53(2):309-26. doi: 10.1177/0300985815622975. Epub 2016 Feb 11. PMID: 26869151.
DiBartola SP, Buffington CA, Chew DJ, McLoughlin MA, Sparks RA. Development of chronic renal disease in cats fed a commercial diet. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1993 Mar 1;202(5):744-51. PMID: 8454506.
Silva MLE, Silva GEB, Borin-Crivellenti S, Alvarenga AWO, Aldrovani M, Braz LADN, Aoki C, Santana AE, Pennacchi CS, Crivellenti LZ. Renal Abnormalities Caused by Canine Distemper Virus Infection in Terminal Patients. Front Vet Sci. 2022 Mar 8;9:822525. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.822525. PMID: 35350433; PMCID: PMC8957885.
Segev G, Cortellini S, Foster JD, Francey T, Langston C, Londoño L, Schweighauser A, Jepson RE. International Renal Interest Society best practice consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in cats and dogs. Vet J. 2024 Jun;305:106068. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106068. Epub 2024 Feb 6. PMID: 38325516.
Parker VJ. Nutritional Management for Dogs and Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2021 May;51(3):685-710. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.01.007. Erratum in: Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2021 Sep;51(5):ix. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.07.014. PMID: 33773648.

Blocked Bladder (Urethral Obstruction) in Cats

Blocked bladder in cats, also known as feline urethral obstruction, is a condition where your cat’s urinary tract becomes partially or completely obstructed, preventing them from urinating. It occurs mostly in male cats.

If you find your cat squatting over the litter box with little or no urine and showing obvious signs of discomfort, he may have a blocked bladder.

Complete urethral obstruction is an EMERGENCY and it can be fatal if not treated or resolved within 1-3 days. Therefore, knowing the signs of urethral obstruction in your cat can be life-saving.

A blocked bladder in your pet cat is a life-threatening emergency that requires immediate veterinary care to prevent pain, organ failure or even death.

What is a blocked bladder in cats?

The urethra is the part of the urinary tract which connects the bladder to the penis. It is a tube which helps transport urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. When the urethra becomes partially or fully obstructed, it affects urine outflow, which causes pain and discomfort, and may lead to the accumulation of toxic waste. When left untreated, a severely blocked bladder can cause bladder rupture, kidney failure, or even death. Symptoms such as frequent straining, pain or your cat’s complete inability to urinate is a veterinary emergency and requires a visit to the veterinarian immediately.

What causes blocked bladders in cats?

Blocked bladder occurs most commonly in male cats due to their narrow urethra as compared to female cats. As the urethra is extremely narrow, usually only 1-2mm in diameter, it can get easily obstructed.

Common causes of urethral obstruction in cats are:

Idiopathic causes – In up to 50% of cases, there is no known cause for the blockage, often the obstruction can be caused by inflammatory swelling, but the cause for inflammation may not be exactly known.
Urethral plugs – Urethral plugs are composed of a mixture of mucus, blood, crystals and sloughed tissues. Urethral plugs typically have a soft, malleable consistency, almost like a paste or jelly.
Urolithiasis – Urolithiasis occurs when uroliths, or urinary stones block the urethra. Uroliths are different from urethral plugs by their composition and structure. Uroliths are mainly composed of crystalline minerals. Uroliths are also hard and rock-like.
Strictures – Strictures refer to the abnormal narrowing of the urethra. Urethral strictures can be caused by chronic inflammation of the urethra (which could be part of a syndrome called Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease), trauma to the urethra, or congenital abnormalities.
Urethral spasms – Inflammation of the bladder and urethra causes pain and irritation. This can cause spasms of the muscles around the urethra which can lead to a urethral blockage.

Urethral obstruction in cats can develop slowly over time, especially in cases of urethral plugs and uroliths. Your cat may show initial signs of urinary discomfort or urinary tract inflammation.

What are the symptoms of blocked bladder in cats?

Understanding the signs and symptoms of a blocked bladder is crucial — it eases their suffering and prevents fatal outcomes. Getting early treatment for your cat can also minimise chances of complications and long-term issues like kidney damage or urinary tract scarring. Pay attention to your cat and look out for the following:

Straining to urinate – Your cat may strain to urinate, but little to no urine is produced. This can sometimes be mistaken as straining to defecate
Urgency to urinate – You may notice your cat going to the litter box more often than usual. Take note of the frequency of going to the litter box versus the amount of urine produced. Your cat may visit the litter box more often, but little to no urine is produced.
Bloody urine – Blood in urine can indicate injury of the urethral lining. Bloody urine can also be caused by other causes such as stress or feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC). In general, bloody urine should prompt you to take your pet to the vet.
Urinating outside of the litter box – Urinating outside the litter box (in the sink, bathtub, on the floor, etc) for no apparent reason may indicate urinary problems and urgency to urinate. Other than medical causes, behavioural issues can also contribute to this phenomenon.
Behavioural changes – You may notice your cat becoming more irritable, aggressive, restless, and hide away from you. This can be due to your cat being in pain.
Vocalisation – Your cat may become more vocal and cry a lot, due to being in pain.
Loss of appetite – Loss of appetite is common in cats with urethral obstruction.
Lethargy – Lethargy could be due to pain and discomfort, or due to electrolyte imbalance from being unable to urinate.
Vomiting and diarrhoea – Vomiting and diarrhoea can be caused by metabolic toxins buildup in the body due to the inability of the kidneys to get rid of them through the urine.
Coma – A comatose cat most likely has been suffering from a complete obstruction for 1 or 2 days, however, a few cats may be obstructed for only half a day. This condition is an emergency and requires immediate medical attention as it can be fatal. A cat in coma is unconscious and will not respond to strong external stimuli.

Urinary symptoms may not be easy to spot in cats, if you notice any concerning behaviour or changes in your pet, it is best to take your cat to the vet for a proper check-up or diagnosis.

What are the risk factors of a blocked bladder in cats

A blocked bladder can happen to any cat, but several risk factors can increase the risk of urethral obstruction. Among the risk factors include:

Male cats – Male cats are at higher risk of urethral obstructions compared to female cats due to a narrower urethra.
Overweight cats

Dry food diet – Male cats which are on exclusively or mainly dry food diet have high incidences of urethral blockage as compared to those on a wet food diet.
Neuter status – A recent study reported that intact male cats are more likely to suffer from early-onset urethral obstruction compared to neutered male cats ^[5].
Previous incidences of urethral obstruction – Your cat may be at higher risk of urethral obstruction if your cat has had a previous incidence of bladder blockage. You may want to talk to your vet about changing your cat’s diet or other therapeutic options that can prevent future occurrences of urethral obstruction.
Stress – Stress can often cause FIC, which may lead to inflammation and the likelihood of a blocked bladder. Common sources of stress for your cat may include multi-cat households, construction or renovation, visitors, unclean litter box, or lack of enrichment/boredom.

How is a feline blocked bladder diagnosed?

When you take your cat to the vet for urinary issues, the vet will often conduct the following tests to diagnose a blocked bladder:

Physical examination – Physical examination of your cat often starts with taking symptoms and medical history. Inform your vet of your cat’s symptoms, when they first started, and previous incidences of blocked bladder. Your vet will palpate your cat’s bladder to diagnose for urethral obstruction, a hard and firm bladder is an indicator of urethral obstruction.
Abdominal x-ray – Abdominal x-rays can help the vet see the size of your cat’s bladder in cases where palpation is difficult, such as in obese cats. Bladder or urethral stones can be detected via xrays.
Abdominal ultrasound – Abdominal ultrasounds can be useful to check for the presence of other masses that may contribute to the obstruction.
Lab tests – Lab tests such as blood tests and urinalysis are often done for further evaluation, such as to assess kidney function, detect the presence of infections, or to analyse the composition of uroliths found.

A cat getting an ultrasound done to check for bladder growths.

How is a feline blocked bladder treated?

Treatment for feline urethral obstruction has to be done in a veterinary clinic or hospital, medical treatment at home is not possible. Most likely, your cat will have to stay in the hospital for several days.

Urinary catheter – The most common treatment for feline urethral obstruction is clearing the blockage by use of a urethral catheter. Your cat may need to be sedated or put under anaesthesia for the vet to insert the catheter. The catheter is left in the urethra for several days until the bladder is thoroughly flushed or cleared of the blockage. During this time, your cat will be hospitalised and kept on intravenous fluids and pain medication.
Urethral stone removal — If the obstruction is caused by urethral stones, the stone removal is typically done by flushing the stone back into the bladder followed by cystotomy for removal or dissolution of the stone. In cases where the stone cannot be flushed, a perineal urethrotomy (see next point) is advisable.
Perineal urethrostomy (PU) – PU is a reconstructive surgical procedure to create a wider opening of the urethra, and is commonly performed in cases of recurrent urethral obstruction.

Post-treatment care

Most cases of urethral obstruction in cats can be treated successfully. After being discharged, monitor your cat closely for the next 1 to 2 days to ensure they are able to urinate normally. It is also important to continue monitoring your cat’s urinary health to prevent future occurrences of blocked bladder.

Your vet may recommend a change in diet to prevent future occurrences of blocked bladder in your pet. Your cat may need to be put on a prescription diet (urinary care line of cat food) for the rest of their life, which helps reduce the risk of crystal formation, and regulate urine pH. Additionally, increased water intake with the use of a drinking fountain, or incorporation of wet foods, can improve your cat’s urinary health.

Summary

Understanding the signs of a blockage in your cat’s bladder or urinary tract and acting immediately can make a difference between life and death. This condition isn’t just painful — it is a ticking clock, and getting immediate veterinary care can prevent your cat from irreversible damage, giving them the best chance to recover and thrive.

Dr Paws Vet Care is dedicated to providing the best possible care for your pets, and when it comes to emergencies like a blocked bladder, we understand how important every moment is. Schedule a consultation with our veterinary experts today for a comprehensive diagnosis and personalised treatment for your pet.

Frequently Asked Questions

Dropdown Accordion

A blockage in your cat’s urethra is unlikely to resolve on its own and it is an EMERGENCY. A visit to the vet is necessary to treat the urethral obstruction.

The characteristic symptom of a blocked bladder is straining to urinate or producing no urine. If you notice your cats showing symptoms of a blocked bladder, a visit to the vet is important to diagnose and treat the blocked bladder.

You should not try to remove the obstruction in your cat’s bladder on your own. This can lead to rupture of the bladder or urethra which can make your cat’s condition worse. Visit a veterinarian to get your cat treated.

Complete urethral obstruction in your cat causes the inability to urinate. This eventually leads to the accumulation of toxic waste in your cat’s body which can be fatal if not treated promptly.

References

Bartges JW, Finco DR, Polzin DJ, Osborne CA, Barsanti JA, Brown SA. Pathophysiology of urethral obstruction. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1996 Mar;26(2):255-64. PMID: 8711861.
Cosford KL, Koo ST. In-hospital medical management of feline urethral obstruction: A review of recent clinical research. Can Vet J. 2020 Jun;61(6):595-604. PMID: 32675811; PMCID: PMC7236633.
Osborne CA, Lulich JP, Kruger JM, Ulrich LK, Bird KA, Koehler LA. Feline urethral plugs. Etiology and pathophysiology. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1996 Mar;26(2):233-53. PMID: 8711860.
Hadar EN, Morgan MJ, Morgan OD. Use of a self-expanding metallic stent for the treatment of a urethral stricture in a young cat. J Feline Med Surg. 2011 Aug;13(8):597-601. doi: 10.1016/j.jfms.2011.03.001. Epub 2011 May 6. PMID: 21530344; PMCID: PMC10822414.
Sampaio KO, Silva-Junior VAD, de Sousa-Filho RP, Aleixo GAS, Mori da Cunha MGMC, da Silva ECB. Neutering is not associated with early-onset urethral obstruction in cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2022 Dec;24(12):e611-e617. doi: 10.1177/1098612X221128781. Epub 2022 Dec 1. PMID: 36453601; PMCID: PMC10812360.
Conway DS, Rozanski EA, Wayne AS. Prazosin administration increases the rate of recurrent urethral obstruction in cats: 388 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2022 May 21;260(S2):S7-S11. doi: 10.2460/javma.21.10.0469. PMID: 35290210.

Ultimate Guide to Dental Scaling & Polishing for Pets: Why Is It Important?

Introduction

Dental hygiene is crucial for pets because it directly impacts their overall health and well-being. Poor dental care can lead to issues like bad breath, tooth decay, gum disease, and pain while eating. More seriously, if left untreated, dental disease in pets can cause bacteria to spread from the mouth to vital organs like the heart, liver, and kidneys, potentially leading to life-threatening conditions. Maintaining good dental hygiene through regular cleanings helps prevent these problems, improves the pet's quality of life, and can extend their lifespan.

However, it may be challenging to clean your cat or dog’s teeth yourself, which is why many pet parents include dental scaling and polishing at the vet as part of their overall maintenance over the years.

If your pet is at risk of dental disease in Singapore, your veterinarian can guide you on the best care options.

dental scaling polishing pets — Dental scaling and polishing for pets help them maintain good oral hygiene and prevent dental disease.

Understanding Dental Scaling & Polishing for Pets

What Is Dental Scaling?

Dental scaling for pets is a professional procedure that removes plaque and tartar buildup from their teeth, which regular brushing cannot achieve. It involves using specialised tools to clean the teeth, focusing on areas above and below the gum line, where bacteria and tartar can lead to periodontal disease. The process requires anaesthesia to keep the pet calm and pain-free.

Regular dental scaling is essential to prevent dental disease, improve bad breath, and protect a pet’s overall health, as oral bacteria can spread to vital organs like the heart, liver, and kidneys. The frequency of scaling depends on factors such as age, breed, and diet, but it is generally recommended for a dental check on an annual basis. At-home dental care, including brushing, dental sprays, dental chews, can help maintain a pet’s oral hygiene between professional cleanings, ensuring their teeth stay healthy and reducing the risk of more serious health issues.

What Is Dental Polishing?

After scaling, the tooth surface is often rough, which makes it easier for plaque to build up again. Polishing smooths the tooth’s surface to prevent future plaque accumulation. Dental polishing prolongs the effects of dental cleaning. Polishing is typically performed while the pet is under anaesthesia to ensure they remain calm and still. It’s a critical step in professional dental cleaning, helping to keep a pet’s teeth healthy, improving breath, and preventing conditions like periodontal disease. Combining dental polishing with regular at-home care, such as brushing and using dental chews [1], ensures that a pet’s mouth remains clean and healthy between veterinary visits.

Difference Between Home Cleaning and Professional Cleaning

Brushing your pet's teeth at home is essential for preventing plaque, but it can’t remove hardened tartar. Professional cleanings, which include scaling and polishing, provide deep cleaning that targets areas you can’t reach at home, ensuring thorough dental care.

Importance of Dental Health for Pets

Pets can suffer from many dental issues [2], including gingivitis, periodontitis, and tooth decay. Poor diets, especially those high in sugars or processed foods, can worsen these conditions. Providing your pet with a balanced diet that promotes oral health is essential.

Dental disease doesn’t just affect your pet’s mouth. It can also lead to infections that spread throughout the body. Bacteria from gum infections can enter the bloodstream and impact the heart, kidneys, and other vital organs, [3] making dental care crucial for overall health.

Signs Your Pet Needs Professional Dental Care

Here are common signs that your pet may require professional dental care:

Persistent bad breath: A constant unpleasant odour from the mouth.
Discoloured or stained teeth: Buildup of plaque or tartar causing yellowing.
Red or swollen gums: Indicates inflammation which can be early gingivitis.
Excessive drooling: This may be concerning if it’s abnormal for your pet.
Difficulty eating or chewing: Your pet is only chewing on one side of the mouth, avoiding hard food, or refusing to eat.
Loose or missing teeth: This is a potential sign of advanced dental disease such as periodontal disease.
Bleeding from the mouth: Often visible while chewing or after eating.
Pawing at the mouth: Suggests that your pet is in discomfort or dental pain.
Receding gums: The roots of the teeth are exposed, indicating dental disease.
Behavioural changes: Increased irritability, lethargy, or loss of appetite.

If any of these signs are present, it's important to schedule a dental checkup with your veterinarian.

dental scaling and polishing pets — Both cats and dogs can undergo professional dental care and cleaning, such as dental scaling and polishing.

Benefits of Dental Scaling and Polishing

Beyond preventing serious health issues, maintaining good dental hygiene for pets offers several other benefits that improve their overall health, comfort, and quality of life, including:

Fresher breath: Regular dental care reduces bad breath caused by bacteria buildup in the mouth.
Pain-free eating: Healthy teeth and gums allow pets to chew their food comfortably so they are able to enjoy their meals and absorb the nutrients.
Preventing tooth loss: By avoiding gum disease and tooth decay, good dental hygiene helps preserve your pet's teeth, allowing them to maintain proper function and oral health.
Avoiding high veterinary costs: Proactive dental care helps pet owners prevent costly treatments for dental diseases and related health issues in the long run.
Increased energy: Healthy teeth and gums allow pets to feel more healthy and comfortable, leading to higher energy levels and playfulness.
Longer lifespan: Regular dental care can extend your pet’s life and prevent serious health issues so you can enjoy more time with them.

The Procedure: What to Expect

Before a dental cleaning, your vet will assess your pet’s oral health and overall condition. This evaluation ensures that your pet is healthy enough to undergo the procedure and identifies any specific dental issues that need addressing.

Several pet owners are apprehensive about procedures such as dental cleaning because their pet needs to be put under anaesthesia. However, it’s essential for pets to be under anaesthesia during a dental cleaning to ensure they remain still and relaxed. This allows the vet to thoroughly clean all areas of the mouth without causing stress or discomfort to your pet.

Anaesthesia-free dental cleaning [4] does exist, but it may not be as effective as traditional dental cleanings, as it typically focuses only on visible surfaces, leaving plaque and tartar below the gum line unaddressed. Additionally, some pets may find the procedure stressful, especially if they are not used to having their mouths handled, which could lead to anxiety or aggression. Anaesthesia-free cleanings also cannot effectively treat serious dental issues like tooth decay or advanced gingivitis, as these conditions often require more thorough intervention. Typically, that type of cleaning is only recommended when your pet has health issues or is of advanced age where anaesthesia administration is not possible.

Before dental scaling and polishing for your pet, you can expect the following steps:

Initial consultation: Firstly, your veterinarian will conduct a thorough examination of your pet’s oral health, discussing any specific concerns you may have.
Medical history: The vet may also ask about your pet’s medical history, current medications, and any previous dental issues to assess their overall health.
Pre-anaesthetic testing: Depending on your pet's age and health status, the veterinarian may recommend blood tests to evaluate organ function and ensure they are suitable for anaesthesia.
Fasting: You will typically be instructed to withhold food and water from your pet for several hours before the dental cleaning to reduce the risk of aspiration during anaesthesia.
Anaesthesia administration: On the day of the procedure, your pet will receive anaesthesia to keep them calm and pain-free during the scaling and polishing. The vet will monitor their vital signs throughout the process.
Dental Scaling and Polishing: Then, the dental scaling and polishing procedure will take place, which includes the removal of plaque and tartar followed by polishing of the teeth.
Post-Procedure: After the procedure, your veterinarian will provide instructions on how to care for your pet as they recover from anaesthesia, including when they can eat and drink again. Your pet may feel some discomfort or grogginess from the anaesthesia.

pet dental procedures — Pets need to be put under anaesthesia for dental procedures, but will be monitored throughout the procedure.

Frequency and Cost of Dental Cleaning

How Often Should Pets Undergo Dental Cleaning?

Pets should generally undergo professional dental cleaning at least once a year, although the exact frequency can vary based on several factors, including the pet's age, breed, diet, and oral health history.

Dogs and cats: Most veterinarians recommend annual dental cleanings for dogs and cats, particularly for breeds predisposed to dental problems. For example, smaller breeds and those with crowded teeth are often at higher risk for periodontal disease and may require more frequent cleanings, such as every six months.
Age and health: Older pets or those with existing dental issues might need more frequent evaluations and cleanings to manage their oral health effectively
Diet and lifestyle: Pets that consume dry kibble [5] may have less plaque buildup compared to those that eat softer diets. Regular at-home dental care, such as brushing and dental treats, can also influence how often professional cleaning is necessary.

Costs and Factors of Dental Cleaning for Pets

The cost of dental cleaning can vary depending on the complexity of the procedure and your location. This variation is influenced by several factors, including the size of the pet, any existing dental issues, and whether extractions are necessary.

While these expenses might seem substantial, investing in regular dental care is crucial for preventing more significant medical costs in the future. Neglecting dental hygiene can lead to serious health problems, including periodontal disease, heart conditions, and kidney issues, which can be far more expensive and complicated to treat.

For example, untreated dental problems may require extractions or surgeries,[6] creating a financial burden for pet owners. By prioritising routine dental cleanings and preventative care, owners can not only save money but also ensure their pets maintain better overall health.

pet dental health — Taking care of your pet’s dental health ensures they enjoy a longer lifespan as it prevents systemic health issues later on.

Risks and Safety Considerations of Dental Scaling and Polishing for Pets

There are many misconceptions about pet dental care, such as the belief that pets don’t need anaesthesia for cleaning or that dental care isn’t necessary for young animals. In reality, professional dental care is essential, and anaesthesia ensures the procedure is safe and effective. While anaesthesia carries some risks, they are generally minimal, especially with modern veterinary practices. Your vet will take precautions to ensure your pet’s safety throughout the procedure.

When considering dental cleaning for pets, it is important to recognise and understand the risks associated with anaesthesia, which, while generally safe, can present complications such as adverse reactions or respiratory issues, particularly in older or health-compromised animals.

Inadequate dental care can lead to serious complications, including periodontal disease, resulting in tooth loss, pain, and systemic health issues affecting organs like the heart and kidneys. To mitigate these risks and prevent dental problems from escalating, pet owners should prioritise regular at-home dental care, such as daily brushing, offering dental chews, and using specialised dental products.

Choosing the right veterinarian is also crucial. Pet owners should seek professionals with expertise in dental procedures and a strong focus on pre-anesthetic assessments and post-operative care to ensure their pet's safety and well-being. Feel free to ask the veterinarian questions during your consultation to put your mind at ease.

Need to schedule a professional dental cleaning appointment for your pet? Our veterinarian is experienced in dental scaling and polishing for cats and dogs. Contact us today to book an appointment.

At-Home Dental Care: Maintaining Oral Hygiene for Your Pets

In between dental cleaning visits, you can take measures to maintain oral hygiene for your pets. These include:

Daily brushing: Just like humans, pets need daily brushing to maintain their oral health. Brush your pet’s teeth daily using a toothbrush and toothpaste specifically designed for pets. This helps remove plaque and prevent tartar buildup.
Dental chews and treats: Offer dental chews or treats that are designed to promote oral health. These can help clean teeth and freshen breath.

Dental products like water or food additives and oral sprays which control plaque.

Regular oral inspections: Check your pet's mouth regularly for signs of dental problems, such as bad breath, swollen gums, or loose teeth. Early detection can lead to more effective treatment.
Dietary choices: Provide a balanced diet with kibble that promotes dental health. Avoid soft, sugary foods that can contribute to plaque and tartar buildup.

Conclusion

Regular dental scaling and polishing are critical for your pet's health and well-being. By staying proactive with your pet’s oral care, you can prevent serious health problems, improve their quality of life, and ensure they live longer and healthier lives.

Frequently Asked Questions

Dropdown Accordion

Daily brushing is ideal, but even a few times a week can make a significant difference.

Bad breath, yellow teeth, red gums, and difficulty eating are some common signs.

Neglecting dental care can lead to serious health issues, including gum disease, tooth loss, and systemic infections affecting major organs.

While anaesthesia carries some risks, it is generally safe for healthy pets.

References

Gonzalez, A., & Heller, L. (2005). Effect of a dental chew on dental substrates and gingivitis in cats. Journal of Veterinary Dentistry, 22(1), 6-10. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10894879_Effect_of_a_Dental_Chew_on_Dental_Substrates_and_Gingivitis_in_Cats
PetMD. (n.d.). Dental issues in dogs. PetMD. Retrieved from: https://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/mouth/dental-issues-dogs
Fries, C. (2012). Understanding gum disease in dogs. WebMD. Retrieved from: https://www.webmd.com/pets/dogs/features/perlis-gum-disease-dogs
Coates, J. (2023). Is non-anesthetic teeth cleaning safe? PetMD. Retrieved from: https://www.petmd.com/dog/general-health/is-non-anesthetic-teeth-cleaning-safe
Mata F. (2015). The Choice of Diet Affects the Oral Health of the Domestic Cat. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 5(1), 101–109. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani5010101
PetMD. (2022). 5 scary consequences of neglecting your dog’s teeth. PetMD. Retrieved from: https://www.petmd.com/dog/general-health/5-scary-consequences-neglecting-your-dogs-teeth

Rabbit Uterine Adenocarcinoma

Uterine Adenocarcinoma in Rabbits

Female pet rabbits in Singapore are commonly affected by a condition known as uterine adenocarcinoma. Simply put– it is the presence of a tumour that develops into cancer in the uterus. It may be difficult to spot the early signs as rabbits are known to “hide” their symptoms– a primitive behaviour developed as a prey animal to avoid becoming a bigger target to predators. Some telling signs that your rabbit may be affected by uterine adenocarcinoma are;

Blood in the urine or bloody vaginal discharge– indicative of urinary tract infections.
In breeding rabbits, stillborn kits or abortion are possible signs.
Reduced appetite
Lethargy
Reduced fecal production
Chronic weight loss.

A sudden behaviour change such as lethargy and disinterest in play is often indicative of sickness.

Other signs will depend on where the cancer cells have spread. If the cancer has spread to the lungs, breathing difficulties or increased breathing rate will be seen. Acute fractures of the limbs or spine may happen if there is cancer spread to the bones.

Suspect your pet rabbit may be affected by uterine adenocarcinoma? Read further as we take a deep dive into the condition and how it may impact your furry friend.

What is uterine adenocarcinoma?

Uterine adenocarcinoma is the most common uterine tumour in female rabbits. The estimated incidence of uterine adenocarcinoma is 4% in rabbits less than 3 years and increases to 80% by 6 years of age.

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) is a non-cancerous uterine condition that commonly occurs in female rabbits which are less than 3 years old. It is often found together with uterine adenocarcinoma, which suggests that it may be a pre-cancerous state. However, CEH is not found in all cases of adenocarcinoma.

Spreading (metastasis) of cancer cells from the uterus can occur to the surrounding abdominal organs through direct spread or via the blood and lymphatics to distant sites. The common metastatic areas are the lungs, liver, spleen, kidney, lymph nodes, gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system. The possibility of metastasis ranges from 20-80%.

Rabbit with confirmed uterine adenocarcinoma without lung metastasis.

Rabbit with confirmed uterine adenocarcinoma with lung metastasis.

Case Study: Tale of 2 Rabbit Patients with Uterine Adenocarcinoma

Case 1: Timely Detection

A 5 year-old, female, unsterilised rabbit was presented for reduced fecal size and soiling of its bum and feet. It was usually a very clean rabbit according to the owner. An ultrasound was done which showed that the uterus was thickened and lumpy. Radiographs of the lungs did not reveal any metastasis. The rabbit underwent an ovariohysterectomy and the uterus was sent off for a biopsy. It was confirmed to be a uterine adenocarcinoma. The rabbit recovered well after the surgery and on its two months follow up radiographs, there was still no signs of lung metastasis.

Case 2: Delayed Intervention

A 6 year old, female, unsterilised rabbit was presented to Dr Paws Vet Care for reduced appetite and defecation for three days. The owner also noticed that the bunny was breathing harder than usual with her head bobbing for two days.

A mass was palpated in the abdomen and confirmed to be arising from the uterus after doing an ultrasound. Uterine cancer was suspected.Unfortunately, radiographs of the thorax revealed that there was possibly already metastasis to the lungs. The rabbit was sent home with palliative care and passed away three days later.

How is uterine adenocarcinoma diagnosed?

Any unsterilised, middle-aged to older rabbit will raise the suspicion of uterine adenocarcinoma if they are unwell as the clinical signs can be very vague and unspecific as mentioned above. A veterinarian should be able to palpate an enlarged and painful mass in the abdomen and call for an abdominal ultrasound to investigate the mass.

On an abdominal ultrasound, an enlarged uterus with thickened and irregular walls is highly suspicious of cancer. However, in some cases, CEH may have a similar appearance. The other abdominal organs can also be examined during the ultrasound to check for any metastatic growth.

A definitive diagnosis can only be obtained by doing a biopsy of the uterus. Radiographs may be able to see an enlarged uterus but an abdominal ultrasound is more sensitive. If the abdominal mass is confirmed to be arising from the uterus after an abdominal ultrasound, radiographs to check on whether there has been metastasis to the lungs will be advisable.

What are the treatment options for rabbit uterine adenocarcinoma?

A surgery called ovariohysterectomy (also known as a spay) to remove the ovaries and the entire uterus is the best treatment. A biopsy is highly recommended as a visual inspection of the affected organ is not an accurate way to diagnose cancer.

Unfortunately, if the cancer is found to have spread to other parts of the body, chemotherapy is currently not an option for rabbits. These rabbits can only be treated with palliative care until the end of life.

What is the aftercare for rabbit uterine adenocarcinoma?

If your rabbit was unwell before the surgery, hospitalisation for intravenous fluids, pain relief and force-feeding may be required after the surgery for a few days until she looks more comfortable.

For the fortunate rabbits who have surgery done before any noticeable spread of cancer, regular checkups with radiographs (X-rays) of the thorax and abdomen are required every 3-6 months to monitor for metastasis.

What is the prognosis (potential outcome) for rabbit uterine adenocarcinoma?

Prognosis is good for rabbits which undergo surgery before any metastasis is detected.

How do I prevent rabbit uterine adenocarcinoma?

The Rabbit Welfare Association and Fund of the United Kingdom recommend neutering for all female pet rabbits.

Neutering or spaying your female rabbit when she is at least 6 months old is the best way of protecting your rabbit. Spaying also helps to prevent mammary cancers, pyometra (infected uterus) and unwanted pregnancies.

Canine Parvovirus

What is Canine Parvovirus?

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious, potentially fatal, gastrointestinal disease. It is a formidable infectious disease, mainly affecting puppies (from 10 weeks to 6 months of age), and unvaccinated dogs. Although there are no studies that highlight the prevalence of canine parvovirus in Singapore, cases reported by local veterinary practices indicate that the 2 strains of the canine parvovirus that are predominant in Singapore are CPV-2a and CPV-2B.

Canine parvoviruses are hardy viruses that can survive extreme temperatures and are resistant to many disinfectants– thriving anywhere from months to years. However, these viruses are vulnerable to disinfectants like potassium peroxymonosulfate, and dilute bleach solutions.

Puppies are more at risk of being infected with CVP than adult dogs as their immune system are not fully developed.

Why are Puppies More Susceptible to Canine Parvovirus?

Puppies that are younger than 6 months old are more susceptible to canine parvovirus because their immune systems are not fully developed. However, the risk of contracting the disease is slightly less if the mother was vaccinated for parvovirus canine, as they may be protected by their mother’s antibodies. On the other hand, they do pose a high risk of contracting the disease if the mother is unvaccinated. That is why dog owners should refrain from bringing their puppies to:

Animal shelters.
Dog hotels or dog boardings.
Dog parks.
Obedience classes.

Whilst cumbersome, these precautionary measures are necessary to limit interactions with other dogs that may be carriers of CPV.

How is Canine Parvovirus Transmitted?

Transmission of CPV occurs via oronasal exposure to CPV-contaminated stools. This means that if your dog sniffs or licks an infected dog’s stools, they may get infected. CPV can also be transmitted via virus-contaminated surfaces (e.g. shoes, clothes or hands of a human who has been in contact with an infected dog) as it is capable of surviving for long periods under the right environmental conditions. Additionally, a pregnant dog which is infected with CPV can also transmit the virus to her foetus.

Canine parvovirus is a life-threatening gastrointestinal disease mostly affecting puppies, and unvaccinated dogs.

Symptoms of Canine Parvovirus

When a dog is infected with CPV there is an incubation period of 7-14 days, after which clinical signs progress rapidly. CPV has a predilection for rapidly growing in the gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow, and heart muscle (myocardium). Some of the common symptoms indicating the proliferation of the virus include;

Profuse watery diarrhoea, which often progresses to bloody diarrhoea
Vomiting
Lethargy
Loss of appetite
Fever

Unfortunately, these symptoms are considered universal as they overlap with other types of health conditions that can affect dogs. Thus, it is imperative for you to bring your dog to the vet as soon as symptoms are presented to allow prompt intervention and prevent disease progression.

Canine parvovirus produces symptoms such as fatigue, vomiting, fever, loss of appetite, and bloody diarrhoea, which can lead to anaemia.

How Canine Parvovirus Affects Dogs

When the virus replicates in the bone marrow, it reduces the production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. A reduction in white blood cells can be detrimental, as these cells are responsible for fighting infections. As such, a decrease in numbers will make the puppy more susceptible to sepsis, and widespread inflammation within the body.

Sepsis can, in turn, cause widespread coagulopathies (clotting problems), which can be fatal. The puppy may also become anaemic due to loss of blood in the diarrhoea, and decreased production of red blood cells from the bone marrow.

Myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), on the other hand, is more likely to develop in puppies who are younger than 6 weeks old or when a dog is infected while pregnant. Although not common, some puppies may die from congestive heart failure a few weeks to months after presumptive recovery from CPV infection.

How is Canine Parvovirus Diagnosed?

A veterinarian may suspect a CPV infection if your dog has not been fully vaccinated and is showing common clinical signs associated with CPV. CPV can be easily tested with in-clinic tests, which detect the viral antigen in a fresh stool sample. False positives may sometimes occur in puppies that have been vaccinated recently. On the other hand, false negatives can occur early in the course of the disease, as the amount of viral shedding is not high yet.

A blood is often conducted to measure white blood cell count as a low number would confirm a CPV diagnosis.

What are the treatments for Canine Parvovirus?

Treatment for CPV is mainly supportive, and will usually require hospitalisation with intensive care. Treatment goals are to correct dehydration, control secondary infections, medicate to stop nausea, and diarrhoea, and administer adequate nutritional support. Where necessary, antibiotics may be administered intravenously or as injections, to address secondary infections in the intestines.

The best recommendation for improving a dog’s survival rate is intervention in the early stages. As viral infections do not have a definitive cure per se, supplementing your dog’s natural immune system with the necessary tools is pertinent to improving the chances of recovery.

Can I treat Canine Parvovirus at home?

Since CPV infection is a viral gastrointestinal infection, there are no home remedies that are available to treat dogs for CPV infection. In viral conditions such as CPV veterinarians often treat the symptoms to facilitate and support the dogs’ recovery as opposed to “curing” them of the disease. That is why visiting a licensed veterinarian, and admitting your dog to an animal hospital secures their chances of recovery.

Canine Parvovirus be Prevented?

Canine parvovirus vaccination, and hygiene are the best prevention steps against CPV infection. Additionally, canine parvovirus is also considered a core vaccination, defined as vaccines recommended for all dogs, irrespective of lifestyle (unless there is a specific medical reason not to vaccinate). For puppies, a full vaccination protocol starts when they are at least 6 weeks old and continues monthly until they are 16 weeks old.

Puppies, and dogs that have not been fully vaccinated should not be allowed to go outdoors. This includes no outdoor walks and no interaction with other dogs who have not been up-to-date on vaccination. These precautions, though they may be deemed extreme by some, are necessary as CPV is a very resistant virus.

Additionally, vaccination for pregnant dogs helps to protect both the mother as well as her foetuses. This is especially necessary if your pregnant dog has insufficient antibodies to fight the virus.

Aside from routinely disposing of your dogs’ faecal matter, it is just as important for you to disinfect your home, especially because CPV has a long survival rate on a multitude of surfaces. Fortunately, they are vulnerable to bleach, which is an inexpensive, yet highly effective disinfectant that can be found in almost every household. By mixing a cup of bleach with approximately 4 litres of water, you will have an indispensable solution that effectively kills CPV, so long as there is at least 10 minutes of contact time between the surface and the solution.

It is important to ensure that your dogs are vaccinated as it is the first line of defence against CPV infection.

How Many Shots of Canine Parvovirus Vaccination Do Puppies Need?

Vaccination starts at 6-8 weeks old, then monthly until 14-16 weeks old. All of these shots are essential to ensuring that your puppies are well-protected against CPV infections.

It is highly discouraged for you to miss or delay a shot for over 4 weeks, as it puts your puppies at risk of contracting the disease. In the event a booster shot is either missed or delayed for more than 6 weeks, then an additional booster will be administered 3 weeks following the continuation of the immunisation schedule.

Can a Dog Get Canine Parvovirus Twice in Its Lifetime?

Once your dog has been infected with CPV, it is highly unlikely that they will contract the disease a second time. This is because your dogs already have the necessary antibodies to fight off the infection in their system. Be that as it may, they still pose a risk of infecting other dogs with CPV infection for about 2 weeks after they have been discharged from the animal hospital. As such, you should isolate your dog during this time frame to prevent the virus from spreading.

After learning how fatal CPV infections can be, and how vital it is to ensure your dogs are vaccinated, Dr. Paws Vet Care strongly encourage all dog owners to ensure their canine friends’ vaccinations are up-to-date.

All You Need to Know About Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)

When it comes to feline health, an often overlooked disease that demands attention and care is the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV), a close relative of the well-known Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). While not a household name, FIV poses a massive threat to our feline friends, particularly those who roam outdoors.

As an insidious viral infection, FIV quietly infiltrates a cat's immune cells and progressively compromises its natural defence mechanisms. Unlike some viral infections, FIV doesn't directly lead to fatal outcomes but causes secondary infections that exploit the cat's weakened immune system. FIV-infected cats ultimately succumb to secondary infections caused by a weakened immune system rather than due to the virus itself.

How is FIV transmitted?

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) is primarily transmitted through bite wounds due to aggressive behaviour commonly associated with territorial disputes and mating activities among outdoor, intact male cats.

The virus is present in high concentrations in the saliva of infected cats, and when an FIV-positive cat bites another cat, the virus can be introduced into the bloodstream of the bitten cat. However, unlike other infectious diseases in cats, FIV is not easily transmitted through casual social contact, such as grooming, shared food and water bowls, or urine and faeces.

Furthermore, mother-to-kitten transmission of FIV can occur, but it is relatively uncommon. Kittens born to an FIV-positive mother may become infected during birth or through the ingestion of breast milk.

However, not all kittens born to FIV-positive mothers will contract the virus, and this transmission tends to happen only if the FIV-positive mothers have a high viral load. Though relatively uncommon, a pregnant FIV-infected cat may miscarry or give rise to a stillborn in some extreme cases.

FIV kitten — FIV can be passed on from a mother cat to her kittens, but only if the FIV-positive mothers have a high viral load.

What are the clinical signs of FIV infection?

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) manifests in distinct stages, and each phase has a different facet of the infection. It's crucial to note that not all cats will go through every stage, and some may remain asymptomatic throughout their infected lives.

Stage 1: The Acute Phase

During the acute phase, a cat has recently contracted FIV. At this stage, the virus enters the vital immune organs, such as lymph nodes, and through white blood cells, it disseminates to other organs, including the bone marrow, brain, and lungs.

The clinical signs may include lethargy, fever, and enlarged lymph nodes. However, some cats may exhibit no outward symptoms during this stage.

Stage 2: The Latent Phase

Following the acute phase, the infected cat enters a latent phase, usually characterised by an absence of observable symptoms. This period can persist for varying durations, ranging from months to years. Despite the absence of clinical signs, the virus quietly persists within the cat's system and prepares itself for the next stage.

Stage 3: AIDS-Related Complex (ARC) Phase

The AIDS-related complex (ARC) phase marks a critical juncture in FIV progression. At this stage, the infected cat experiences a progressive immune system compromise and becomes susceptible to various secondary infections.

These infections can manifest in various organs and lead to complications in the eyes, gums, lungs, skin, or even the development of tumours. The ARC phase often surfaces years after the initial infection, highlighting the slow and insidious nature of FIV's impact on feline health.

FIV infection — FIV can result in complications in the eyes, gums, lungs, and skin.

How is FIV diagnosed?

Accurate diagnosis plays a significant role in managing Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV); therefore, we provide an in-clinic test kit that can test for antibodies against FIV antigen. The diagnostic process involves testing for antibodies against the FIV antigen, which requires only a small blood sample from your cat.

However, as the FIV test detects antibodies, cats previously vaccinated against FIV will test positive. To overcome this, it is recommended that cats undergo FIV testing before receiving their first vaccination. This precaution ensures that subsequent tests accurately differentiate between a naturally infected cat and one that has been vaccinated.

For kittens under 6 months old who test positive, caution is advised as maternal-derived antibodies in their blood might yield a positive result, but it doesn't necessarily indicate actual infection. Retesting is recommended after 6 months, as maternal immunity wanes, providing a clearer picture of the cat's FIV status. Persistent positivity after this age indicates the cat has encountered an FIV infection.

False negatives can occur under specific circumstances. Recent infections may yield inaccurate results as it takes time for antibodies to develop, typically around 60 days. Moreover, some cats may exhibit a delayed response and require up to 4 months to develop sufficient antibodies for detection.

In cases of end-stage disease, cats may have such low antibody levels that they fall below the test's detection threshold, which may result in false negatives.

FIV FELV testing — FIV testing usually requires a small blood sample from your cat.

How do I take care of an FIV-positive cat?

Discovering that your cat is Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) positive can be pretty disheartening, but with informed care and attention, your feline companions can lead fulfilling lives despite no cure for this infection.

While the latent (asymptomatic) phase duration remains unpredictable, it's reassuring to know that FIV-infected cats have the potential to live up to their expected lifespan with the proper care.

Keep your cats indoors

The first step in caring for FIV-positive cats is to create a safe and comfortable indoor environment, as this can reduce the risk of exposure to potential infections and minimise the chances of injury from outdoor hazards. We recommend providing stimulating toys and ensuring fun indoor activities to keep your cats engaged indoors and enhance their physical and mental well-being.

Regular veterinary check-ups

A regular veterinary check-up is another crucial step to protect and minimise the chances of FIV-positive cats contracting other infections. These regular follow-ups will help your veterinarian monitor the cat's overall health, detect any emerging issues, and provide timely intervention.

Ensuring a nutritious diet

Ensuring a well-balanced and nutritious diet is essential for supporting the immune system of FIV-positive cats. High-quality cat food, rich in essential nutrients, can improve their overall health. Raw food should be avoided, as this will expose your cat to worms and bacterial infections.

indoor activities for cats — keep your FIV-infected cats indoors by engaging them in fun activities.

What is Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV)?

Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV) is a pervasive infectious disease that affects cats globally. Beyond its association with leukaemia, this virus is a multifaceted threat and causes immunosuppression and the risk of contracting secondary diseases.

While the name implies a connection to leukaemia, FeLV's impact extends far beyond this specific form of cancer. The virus targets the cat's white blood cells, which may sometimes lead to leukaemia. However, its primary mechanism lies in immunosuppression, which leaves the affected cats vulnerable to various secondary diseases.

FeLV-induced immunosuppression weakens the cat's ability to fend off infections and creates an environment for secondary diseases to flourish. Respiratory infections, dental problems, and gastrointestinal issues are among the health complications that can arise in FeLV-positive cats.

How is FeLV transmitted?

Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV) is primarily transmitted through close contact between cats. The transmission commonly occurs through the following routes:

Mutual grooming: FeLV can be transmitted when infected cats groom each other. The virus is present in saliva, and an unaffected cat may come into contact with the virus during grooming sessions.
Shared food and water bowls: FeLV can be present in saliva, and if cats share food and water bowls, there is a risk of virus transmission. This risk factor is particularly relevant in multi-cat households or communal feeding areas.
Bite wounds: aggressive interactions among cats, such as biting, can lead to the direct transfer of FeLV through saliva. A bite that breaks the skin makes a cat more susceptible to transmission.
Vertical transmission (from mother to kittens): FeLV can be transmitted from an infected mother cat to her kittens during pregnancy, birth, or through the consumption of infected milk. Kittens born to FeLV-positive mothers are at an increased risk of infection.

However, FeLV is not highly contagious and does not survive for long periods in the environment. However, the risk of transmission is higher in situations where cats have prolonged, close contact, especially in multi-cat households.

cat grooming — Cats may come into contact with FeLV during grooming sessions.

Stages of FeLV Progression

FeLV infection unfolds in three distinct stages: abortive, regressive, and progressive.

Stage 1: Abortive infection

After a cat is infected with FeLV, the virus initially reproduces in the lymphoid tissues of the oropharynx (throat). If the cat's immune system successfully eliminates the virus during this stage, it is classified as having an abortive infection. Most cats with robust immune systems fall into this category.

Stage 2: Regressive infection

If the virus is not cleared at the initial stage of entry to the body, it infects white blood cells and migrates to the bone marrow. In regressive infection, the cat's immune system attempts to control viral replication, although complete elimination is not achieved.

The virus remains in the bone marrow without active replication. Cats in this stage may appear healthy for extended periods, but the virus can reactivate, particularly after stressful events or immunosuppression.

Stage 3: Progressive infection

For cats whose immune systems cannot control or eliminate the virus, FeLV replicates extensively in lymphoid tissues, bone marrow, and epithelial tissues of salivary glands, bladder, and tear glands. Cats with progressive infections shed substantial amounts of virus in their saliva and bodily fluids. This category of cats is more prone to developing FeLV-related diseases.

Understanding these stages is crucial for assessing the potential outcomes of FeLV infection in cats. While some cats can successfully clear the virus, others may enter a state of controlled persistence, and unfortunately, a portion may experience ongoing replication, leading to increased health risks. Regular veterinary monitoring and preventive measures are critical components in managing FeLV-infected cats at each stage of the infection.

What are the clinical signs of FeLV?

Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV) infections can manifest in various clinical signs, with distinct presentations depending on the stage of infection.

Cats in the regressive stage may outwardly appear normal, yet the virus can reactivate, particularly during times of stress, and give rise to symptoms. On the other hand, progressive FeLV infection results in multiple health challenges, including the heightened risk of leukaemia, lymphoma, and immunosuppression, making cats susceptible to secondary infections.

Common clinical signs include fever, lethargy, weight loss, and lymph node enlargement, which warrant attention during routine monitoring. Other symptoms include respiratory infections marked by coughing and nasal discharge, oral ulcers that impact eating habits, and gastrointestinal disturbances that lead to vomiting and diarrhoea.

Recognising these clinical cues is crucial for early detection and timely intervention. Cats exhibiting these symptoms, particularly those with a history of FeLV exposure, should undergo immediate veterinary evaluation.

cat vomiting — Vomiting and other gastrointestinal issues are characteristic of FeLV infections.

How is FeLV diagnosed?

FeLV can be diagnosed in the clinic with a simple blood test that detects the viral antigen (part of a virus). For regressive cats, as the viral levels in their blood fluctuate depending on whether the virus is in its dormant or reactivated stage, some regressive cats may test negative.

However, it's essential to note that for regressive cats, whose viral levels can fluctuate depending on whether the virus is in its dormant or reactivated stage, there may be instances where these cats test negative. Therefore, it’s essential to focus on the cat's clinical history, potential exposure, and symptoms and repeat testing for accurate diagnosis, especially in cases where initial results are inconclusive.

Regular veterinary monitoring and consultation are essential to the diagnostic process and ensuring the well-being of FeLV-infected cats. To ensure the health and well-being of your feline companions, schedule an appointment with Dr Paws Vet Care today!

regular medical check-ups — Regular veterinary monitoring is crucial for ensuring the well-being of FeLV-infected cats.

What are the treatment options for FeLV-infected cats?

Regrettably, there is currently no cure for the Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV); therefore, it is essential to take proactive measures in its management. A crucial step in safeguarding feline health is testing any newcomer cats before introducing them into a household. This precautionary approach allows for the early identification of FeLV-positive individuals and helps make informed decisions about their integration into a new environment.

While a definitive cure remains elusive, regular testing, preventive strategies, and close collaboration with veterinary professionals can also help minimise the impact of FeLV on feline populations. The vigilance and preventative measures are crucial for maintaining the health and well-being of individual cats and the overall feline community.