Blocked Bladder (Urethral Obstruction) in Cats

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    Blocked bladder in cats, also known as feline urethral obstruction, is a condition where your cat’s urinary tract becomes partially or completely obstructed, preventing them from urinating. It occurs mostly in male cats. 

    If you find your cat squatting over the litter box with little or no urine and showing obvious signs of discomfort, he may have a blocked bladder. 

    Complete urethral obstruction is an EMERGENCY and it can be fatal if not treated or resolved within 1-3 days. Therefore, knowing the signs of urethral obstruction in your cat can be life-saving.

    A blocked bladder in your pet cat is a life-threatening emergency that requires immediate veterinary care to prevent pain, organ failure or even death. 

    What is a blocked bladder in cats?

    The urethra is the part of the urinary tract which connects the bladder to the penis. It is a tube which helps transport urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. When the urethra becomes partially or fully obstructed, it affects urine outflow, which causes pain and discomfort, and may lead to the accumulation of toxic waste.  When left untreated, a severely blocked bladder can cause bladder rupture, kidney failure, or even death. Symptoms such as frequent straining, pain or your cat’s complete inability to urinate is a veterinary emergency and requires a visit to the veterinarian immediately. 

    What causes blocked bladders in cats?

    Blocked bladder occurs most commonly in male cats due to their narrow urethra as compared to female cats. As the urethra is extremely narrow, usually only 1-2mm in diameter, it can get easily obstructed. 

    Common causes of urethral obstruction in cats are:

    Urethral obstruction in cats can develop slowly over time, especially in cases of urethral plugs and uroliths. Your cat may show initial signs of urinary discomfort or urinary tract inflammation.

    What are the symptoms of blocked bladder in cats?

    Understanding the signs and symptoms of a blocked bladder is crucial — it eases their suffering and prevents fatal outcomes. Getting early treatment for your cat can also minimise chances of complications and long-term issues like kidney damage or urinary tract scarring. Pay attention to your cat and look out for the following: 

    Urinary symptoms may not be easy to spot in cats, if you notice any concerning behaviour or changes in your pet, it is best to take your cat to the vet for a proper check-up or diagnosis.

    What are the risk factors of a blocked bladder in cats

    A blocked bladder can happen to any cat, but several risk factors can increase the risk of urethral obstruction. Among the risk factors include:

    How is a feline blocked bladder diagnosed?

    When you take your cat to the vet for urinary issues, the vet will often conduct the following tests to diagnose a blocked bladder:

    A cat getting an ultrasound done to check for bladder growths.

    How is a feline blocked bladder treated?

    Treatment for feline urethral obstruction has to be done in a veterinary clinic or hospital, medical treatment at home is not possible.  Most likely, your cat will have to stay in the hospital for several days.

    Post-treatment care

    Most cases of urethral obstruction in cats can be treated successfully. After being discharged, monitor your cat closely for the next 1 to 2 days to ensure they are able to urinate normally. It is also important to continue monitoring your cat’s urinary health to prevent future occurrences of blocked bladder. 

    Your vet may recommend a change in diet to prevent future occurrences of blocked bladder in your pet. Your cat may need to be put on a prescription diet (urinary care line of cat food) for the rest of their life, which helps reduce the risk of crystal formation, and regulate urine pH. Additionally, increased water intake with the use of a drinking fountain, or incorporation of wet foods, can improve your cat’s urinary health.

    Summary

    Understanding the signs of a blockage in your cat’s bladder or urinary tract and acting immediately can make a difference between life and death. This condition isn’t just painful — it is a ticking clock, and getting immediate veterinary care can prevent your cat from irreversible damage, giving them the best chance to recover and thrive. 

    Dr Paws Vet Care is dedicated to providing the best possible care for your pets, and when it comes to emergencies like a blocked bladder, we understand how important every moment is. Schedule a consultation with our veterinary experts today for a comprehensive diagnosis and personalised treatment for your pet. 

    Frequently Asked Questions

    Dropdown Accordion
    A blockage in your cat’s urethra is unlikely to resolve on its own and it is an EMERGENCY. A visit to the vet is necessary to treat the urethral obstruction.
    The characteristic symptom of a blocked bladder is straining to urinate or producing no urine. If you notice your cats showing symptoms of a blocked bladder, a visit to the vet is important to diagnose and treat the blocked bladder.
    You should not try to remove the obstruction in your cat’s bladder on your own. This can lead to rupture of the bladder or urethra which can make your cat’s condition worse. Visit a veterinarian to get your cat treated.
    Complete urethral obstruction in your cat causes the inability to urinate. This eventually leads to the accumulation of toxic waste in your cat’s body which can be fatal if not treated promptly.

    References

    1. Bartges JW, Finco DR, Polzin DJ, Osborne CA, Barsanti JA, Brown SA. Pathophysiology of urethral obstruction. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1996 Mar;26(2):255-64. PMID: 8711861.
    2. Cosford KL, Koo ST. In-hospital medical management of feline urethral obstruction: A review of recent clinical research. Can Vet J. 2020 Jun;61(6):595-604. PMID: 32675811; PMCID: PMC7236633.
    3. Osborne CA, Lulich JP, Kruger JM, Ulrich LK, Bird KA, Koehler LA. Feline urethral plugs. Etiology and pathophysiology. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1996 Mar;26(2):233-53. PMID: 8711860.
    4. Hadar EN, Morgan MJ, Morgan OD. Use of a self-expanding metallic stent for the treatment of a urethral stricture in a young cat. J Feline Med Surg. 2011 Aug;13(8):597-601. doi: 10.1016/j.jfms.2011.03.001. Epub 2011 May 6. PMID: 21530344; PMCID: PMC10822414.
    5. Sampaio KO, Silva-Junior VAD, de Sousa-Filho RP, Aleixo GAS, Mori da Cunha MGMC, da Silva ECB. Neutering is not associated with early-onset urethral obstruction in cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2022 Dec;24(12):e611-e617. doi: 10.1177/1098612X221128781. Epub 2022 Dec 1. PMID: 36453601; PMCID: PMC10812360.
    6. Conway DS, Rozanski EA, Wayne AS. Prazosin administration increases the rate of recurrent urethral obstruction in cats: 388 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2022 May 21;260(S2):S7-S11. doi: 10.2460/javma.21.10.0469. PMID: 35290210.

    Ultimate Guide to Dental Scaling & Polishing for Pets: Why Is It Important?

    Table of Contents

      Introduction

      Dental hygiene is crucial for pets because it directly impacts their overall health and well-being. Poor dental care can lead to issues like bad breath, tooth decay, gum disease, and pain while eating. More seriously, if left untreated, dental disease in pets can cause bacteria to spread from the mouth to vital organs like the heart, liver, and kidneys, potentially leading to life-threatening conditions. Maintaining good dental hygiene through regular cleanings helps prevent these problems, improves the pet's quality of life, and can extend their lifespan.

      However, it may be challenging to clean your cat or dog’s teeth yourself, which is why many pet parents include dental scaling and polishing at the vet as part of their overall maintenance over the years. 

      If your pet is at risk of dental disease in Singapore, your veterinarian can guide you on the best care options.

      dental scaling polishing pets
      Dental scaling and polishing for pets help them maintain good oral hygiene and prevent dental disease. 

      Understanding Dental Scaling & Polishing for Pets

      What Is Dental Scaling?

      Dental scaling for pets is a professional procedure that removes plaque and tartar buildup from their teeth, which regular brushing cannot achieve. It involves using specialised tools to clean the teeth, focusing on areas above and below the gum line, where bacteria and tartar can lead to periodontal disease. The process requires anaesthesia to keep the pet calm and pain-free. 

      Regular dental scaling is essential to prevent dental disease, improve bad breath, and protect a pet’s overall health, as oral bacteria can spread to vital organs like the heart, liver, and kidneys. The frequency of scaling depends on factors such as age, breed, and diet, but it is generally recommended for a dental check on an annual basis. At-home dental care, including brushing, dental sprays,  dental chews, can help maintain a pet’s oral hygiene between professional cleanings, ensuring their teeth stay healthy and reducing the risk of more serious health issues.

      What Is Dental Polishing?

      After scaling, the tooth surface is often rough, which makes it easier for plaque to build up again. Polishing smooths the tooth’s surface to prevent future plaque accumulation. Dental polishing prolongs the effects of dental cleaning. Polishing is typically performed while the pet is under anaesthesia to ensure they remain calm and still. It’s a critical step in professional dental cleaning, helping to keep a pet’s teeth healthy, improving breath, and preventing conditions like periodontal disease. Combining dental polishing with regular at-home care, such as brushing and using dental chews [1], ensures that a pet’s mouth remains clean and healthy between veterinary visits.

      Difference Between Home Cleaning and Professional Cleaning

      Brushing your pet's teeth at home is essential for preventing plaque, but it can’t remove hardened tartar. Professional cleanings, which include scaling and polishing, provide deep cleaning that targets areas you can’t reach at home, ensuring thorough dental care.

      Importance of Dental Health for Pets

      Pets can suffer from many dental issues [2], including gingivitis, periodontitis, and tooth decay. Poor diets, especially those high in sugars or processed foods, can worsen these conditions. Providing your pet with a balanced diet that promotes oral health is essential.

      Dental disease doesn’t just affect your pet’s mouth. It can also lead to infections that spread throughout the body. Bacteria from gum infections can enter the bloodstream and impact the heart, kidneys, and other vital organs, [3] making dental care crucial for overall health.

      Signs Your Pet Needs Professional Dental Care

      Here are common signs that your pet may require professional dental care:

      If any of these signs are present, it's important to schedule a dental checkup with your veterinarian.

      dental scaling and polishing pets
      Both cats and dogs can undergo professional dental care and cleaning, such as dental scaling and polishing.

      Benefits of Dental Scaling and Polishing

      Beyond preventing serious health issues, maintaining good dental hygiene for pets offers several other benefits that improve their overall health, comfort, and quality of life, including:

      The Procedure: What to Expect

      Before a dental cleaning, your vet will assess your pet’s oral health and overall condition. This evaluation ensures that your pet is healthy enough to undergo the procedure and identifies any specific dental issues that need addressing.

      Several pet owners are apprehensive about procedures such as dental cleaning because their pet needs to be put under anaesthesia. However, it’s essential for pets to be under anaesthesia during a dental cleaning to ensure they remain still and relaxed. This allows the vet to thoroughly clean all areas of the mouth without causing stress or discomfort to your pet. 

      Anaesthesia-free dental cleaning [4] does exist, but it may not be as effective as traditional dental cleanings, as it typically focuses only on visible surfaces, leaving plaque and tartar below the gum line unaddressed. Additionally, some pets may find the procedure stressful, especially if they are not used to having their mouths handled, which could lead to anxiety or aggression. Anaesthesia-free cleanings also cannot effectively treat serious dental issues like tooth decay or advanced gingivitis, as these conditions often require more thorough intervention. Typically, that type of cleaning is only recommended when your pet has health issues or is of advanced age where anaesthesia administration is not possible. 

      Before dental scaling and polishing for your pet, you can expect the following steps:

      pet dental procedures
      Pets need to be put under anaesthesia for dental procedures, but will be monitored throughout the procedure. 

      Frequency and Cost of Dental Cleaning

      How Often Should Pets Undergo Dental Cleaning?

      Pets should generally undergo professional dental cleaning at least once a year, although the exact frequency can vary based on several factors, including the pet's age, breed, diet, and oral health history.

      Costs and Factors of Dental Cleaning for Pets

      The cost of dental cleaning can vary depending on the complexity of the procedure and your location. This variation is influenced by several factors, including the size of the pet, any existing dental issues, and whether extractions are necessary.

      While these expenses might seem substantial, investing in regular dental care is crucial for preventing more significant medical costs in the future. Neglecting dental hygiene can lead to serious health problems, including periodontal disease, heart conditions, and kidney issues, which can be far more expensive and complicated to treat​. 

      For example, untreated dental problems may require extractions or surgeries,[6] creating a financial burden for pet owners. By prioritising routine dental cleanings and preventative care, owners can not only save money but also ensure their pets maintain better overall health. 

      pet dental health
      Taking care of your pet’s dental health ensures they enjoy a longer lifespan as it prevents systemic health issues later on.

      Risks and Safety Considerations of Dental Scaling and Polishing for Pets 

      There are many misconceptions about pet dental care, such as the belief that pets don’t need anaesthesia for cleaning or that dental care isn’t necessary for young animals. In reality, professional dental care is essential, and anaesthesia ensures the procedure is safe and effective. While anaesthesia carries some risks, they are generally minimal, especially with modern veterinary practices. Your vet will take precautions to ensure your pet’s safety throughout the procedure. 

      When considering dental cleaning for pets, it is important to recognise and understand the risks associated with anaesthesia, which, while generally safe, can present complications such as adverse reactions or respiratory issues, particularly in older or health-compromised animals. ​

      Inadequate dental care can lead to serious complications, including periodontal disease, resulting in tooth loss, pain, and systemic health issues affecting organs like the heart and kidneys​. To mitigate these risks and prevent dental problems from escalating, pet owners should prioritise regular at-home dental care, such as daily brushing, offering dental chews, and using specialised dental products​.

      Choosing the right veterinarian is also crucial. Pet owners should seek professionals with expertise in dental procedures and a strong focus on pre-anesthetic assessments and post-operative care to ensure their pet's safety and well-being​. Feel free to ask the veterinarian questions during your consultation to put your mind at ease. 

      Need to schedule a professional dental cleaning appointment for your pet? Our veterinarian is experienced in dental scaling and polishing for cats and dogs. Contact us today to book an appointment.

      At-Home Dental Care: Maintaining Oral Hygiene for Your Pets

      In between dental cleaning visits, you can take measures to maintain oral hygiene for your pets. These include: 

      dental scaling and polishing pets
      Brushing your pet’s teeth regularly between dental scaling and polishing visits helps them maintain good oral hygiene.

      Conclusion

      Regular dental scaling and polishing are critical for your pet's health and well-being. By staying proactive with your pet’s oral care, you can prevent serious health problems, improve their quality of life, and ensure they live longer and healthier lives.

      Frequently Asked Questions

      Dropdown Accordion
      Daily brushing is ideal, but even a few times a week can make a significant difference.
      Bad breath, yellow teeth, red gums, and difficulty eating are some common signs.
      Neglecting dental care can lead to serious health issues, including gum disease, tooth loss, and systemic infections affecting major organs.
      While anaesthesia carries some risks, it is generally safe for healthy pets.  

      References

      1. Gonzalez, A., & Heller, L. (2005). Effect of a dental chew on dental substrates and gingivitis in cats. Journal of Veterinary Dentistry, 22(1), 6-10. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10894879_Effect_of_a_Dental_Chew_on_Dental_Substrates_and_Gingivitis_in_Cats
      2. PetMD. (n.d.). Dental issues in dogs. PetMD. Retrieved from: https://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/mouth/dental-issues-dogs
      3. Fries, C. (2012). Understanding gum disease in dogs. WebMD. Retrieved from: https://www.webmd.com/pets/dogs/features/perlis-gum-disease-dogs
      4. Coates, J. (2023). Is non-anesthetic teeth cleaning safe? PetMD. Retrieved from: https://www.petmd.com/dog/general-health/is-non-anesthetic-teeth-cleaning-safe
      5. Mata F. (2015). The Choice of Diet Affects the Oral Health of the Domestic Cat. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 5(1), 101–109. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani5010101
      6. PetMD. (2022). 5 scary consequences of neglecting your dog’s teeth. PetMD. Retrieved from: https://www.petmd.com/dog/general-health/5-scary-consequences-neglecting-your-dogs-teeth

      Rabbit Uterine Adenocarcinoma

      Table of Contents

        Uterine Adenocarcinoma in Rabbits

        Female pet rabbits in Singapore are commonly affected by a condition known as uterine adenocarcinoma. Simply put– it is the presence of a tumour that develops into cancer in the uterus. It may be difficult to spot the early signs as rabbits are known to “hide” their symptoms– a primitive behaviour developed as a prey animal to avoid becoming a bigger target to predators. Some telling signs that your rabbit may be affected by uterine adenocarcinoma are; 

        A sudden behaviour change such as lethargy and disinterest in play is often indicative of sickness.

        Other signs will depend on where the cancer cells have spread. If the cancer has spread to the lungs, breathing difficulties or increased breathing rate will be seen. Acute fractures of the limbs or spine may happen if there is cancer spread to the bones.  

        Suspect your pet rabbit may be affected by uterine adenocarcinoma?  Read further as we take a deep dive into the condition and how it may impact your furry friend. 

        What is uterine adenocarcinoma?

        Uterine adenocarcinoma is the most common uterine tumour in female rabbits. The estimated incidence of uterine adenocarcinoma is 4% in rabbits less than 3 years and increases to 80% by 6 years of age

        Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) is a non-cancerous uterine condition that commonly occurs in female rabbits which are less than 3 years old. It is often found together with uterine adenocarcinoma, which suggests that it may be a pre-cancerous state. However, CEH is not found in all cases of adenocarcinoma. 

        Spreading (metastasis) of cancer cells from the uterus can occur to the surrounding abdominal organs through direct spread or via the blood and lymphatics to distant sites. The common metastatic areas are the lungs, liver, spleen, kidney, lymph nodes, gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system. The possibility of metastasis ranges from 20-80%. 

        Rabbit with confirmed uterine adenocarcinoma without lung metastasis.
        Rabbit with confirmed uterine adenocarcinoma with lung metastasis.

        Case Study: Tale of 2 Rabbit Patients with Uterine Adenocarcinoma 

        Case 1: Timely Detection

        A 5 year-old, female, unsterilised rabbit was presented for reduced fecal size and soiling of its bum and feet. It was usually a very clean rabbit according to the owner. An ultrasound was done which showed that the uterus was thickened and lumpy. Radiographs of the lungs did not reveal any metastasis. The rabbit underwent an ovariohysterectomy and the uterus was sent off for a biopsy. It was confirmed to be a uterine adenocarcinoma. The rabbit recovered well after the surgery and on its two months follow up radiographs, there was still no signs of lung metastasis. 

        Case 2: Delayed Intervention 

        A 6 year old, female, unsterilised rabbit was presented to Dr Paws Vet Care for reduced appetite and defecation for three days. The owner also noticed that the bunny was breathing harder than usual with her head bobbing for two days. 

        A mass was palpated in the abdomen and confirmed to be arising from the uterus after doing an ultrasound. Uterine cancer was suspected.Unfortunately, radiographs of the thorax revealed that there was possibly already metastasis to the lungs. The rabbit was sent home with palliative care and passed away three days later.  

        How is uterine adenocarcinoma diagnosed?

        Any unsterilised, middle-aged to older rabbit will raise the suspicion of uterine adenocarcinoma if they are unwell as the clinical signs can be very vague and unspecific as mentioned above. A veterinarian should be able to palpate an enlarged and painful mass in the abdomen and call for an abdominal ultrasound to investigate the mass.

        On an abdominal ultrasound, an enlarged uterus with thickened and irregular walls is highly suspicious of cancer. However, in some cases, CEH may have a similar appearance. The other abdominal organs can also be examined during the ultrasound to check for any metastatic growth. 

        A definitive diagnosis can only be obtained by doing a biopsy of the uterus. Radiographs may be able to see an enlarged uterus but an abdominal ultrasound is more sensitive. If the abdominal mass is confirmed to be arising from the uterus after an abdominal ultrasound, radiographs to check on whether there has been metastasis to the lungs will be advisable.

        What are the treatment options for rabbit uterine adenocarcinoma?

        A surgery called ovariohysterectomy (also known as a spay) to remove the ovaries and the entire uterus is the best treatment. A biopsy is highly recommended as a visual inspection of the affected organ is not an accurate way to diagnose cancer. 

        Unfortunately, if the cancer is found to have spread to other parts of the body, chemotherapy is currently not an option for rabbits. These rabbits can only be treated with palliative care until the end of life. 

        What is the aftercare for rabbit uterine adenocarcinoma?

        If your rabbit was unwell before the surgery, hospitalisation for intravenous fluids, pain relief and force-feeding may be required after the surgery for a few days until she looks more comfortable.

        For the fortunate rabbits who have surgery done before any noticeable spread of cancer, regular checkups with radiographs (X-rays) of the thorax and abdomen are required every 3-6 months to monitor for metastasis. 

        What is the prognosis (potential outcome) for rabbit uterine adenocarcinoma?

        Prognosis is good for rabbits which undergo surgery before any metastasis is detected.

        How do I prevent rabbit uterine adenocarcinoma?

        The Rabbit Welfare Association and Fund of the United Kingdom recommend neutering for all female pet rabbits

        Neutering or spaying your female rabbit when she is at least 6 months old is the best way of protecting your rabbit. Spaying also helps to prevent mammary cancers, pyometra (infected uterus) and unwanted pregnancies. 

        Canine Parvovirus

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          What is Canine Parvovirus?

          Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious, potentially fatal, gastrointestinal disease. It is a formidable infectious disease, mainly affecting puppies (from 10 weeks to 6 months of age), and unvaccinated dogs. Although there are no studies that highlight the prevalence of canine parvovirus in Singapore, cases reported by local veterinary practices indicate that the 2 strains of the canine parvovirus that are predominant in Singapore are CPV-2a and CPV-2B.

          Canine parvoviruses are hardy viruses that can survive extreme temperatures and are resistant to many disinfectants– thriving anywhere from months to years. However, these viruses are vulnerable to disinfectants like potassium peroxymonosulfate, and dilute bleach solutions.

          Puppies are more at risk of being infected with CVP than adult dogs as their immune system are not fully developed.

          Why are Puppies More Susceptible to Canine Parvovirus?

          Puppies that are younger than 6 months old are more susceptible to canine parvovirus because their immune systems are not fully developed. However, the risk of contracting the disease is slightly less if the mother was vaccinated for parvovirus canine, as they may be protected by their mother’s antibodies. On the other hand, they do pose a high risk of contracting the disease if the mother is unvaccinated. That is why dog owners should refrain from bringing their puppies to:

          Whilst cumbersome, these precautionary measures are necessary to limit interactions with other dogs that may be carriers of CPV.

          How is Canine Parvovirus Transmitted?

          Transmission of CPV occurs via oronasal exposure to CPV-contaminated stools. This means that if your dog sniffs or licks an infected dog’s stools, they may get infected. CPV can also be transmitted via virus-contaminated surfaces (e.g. shoes, clothes or hands of a human who has been in contact with an infected dog) as it is capable of surviving for long periods under the right environmental conditions. Additionally, a pregnant dog which is infected with CPV can also transmit the virus to her foetus.

          Canine parvovirus is a life-threatening gastrointestinal disease mostly affecting puppies, and unvaccinated dogs.

          Symptoms of Canine Parvovirus

          When a dog is infected with CPV there is an incubation period of 7-14 days, after which clinical signs progress rapidly. CPV has a predilection for rapidly growing in the gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow, and heart muscle (myocardium). Some of the common symptoms indicating the proliferation of the virus include;

          Unfortunately, these symptoms are considered universal as they overlap with other types of health conditions that can affect dogs.  Thus,  it is imperative for you to bring your dog to the vet as soon as symptoms are presented to allow prompt intervention and prevent disease progression. 

          Canine parvovirus produces symptoms such as fatigue, vomiting, fever, loss of appetite, and bloody diarrhoea, which can lead to anaemia.

          How Canine Parvovirus Affects Dogs 

          When the virus replicates in the bone marrow, it reduces the production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. A reduction in white blood cells can be detrimental, as these cells are responsible for fighting infections. As such, a decrease in numbers will make the puppy more susceptible to sepsis, and widespread inflammation within the body. 

          Sepsis can, in turn, cause widespread coagulopathies (clotting problems), which can be fatal. The puppy may also become anaemic due to loss of blood in the diarrhoea, and decreased production of red blood cells from the bone marrow.

          Myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), on the other hand, is more likely to develop in puppies who are younger than 6 weeks old or when a dog is infected while pregnant. Although not common, some puppies may die from congestive heart failure a few weeks to months after presumptive recovery from CPV infection.

          How is Canine Parvovirus Diagnosed?

          A veterinarian may suspect a CPV infection if your dog has not been fully vaccinated and is showing common clinical signs associated with CPV. CPV can be easily tested with in-clinic tests, which detect the viral antigen in a fresh stool sample. False positives may sometimes occur in puppies that have been vaccinated recently. On the other hand, false negatives can occur early in the course of the disease, as the amount of viral shedding is not high yet.

           A blood is often conducted to measure white blood cell count as a low number would confirm a CPV diagnosis.

          What are the treatments for Canine Parvovirus?

          Treatment for CPV is mainly supportive, and will usually require hospitalisation with intensive care. Treatment goals are to correct dehydration, control secondary infections, medicate to stop nausea, and diarrhoea, and administer adequate nutritional support. Where necessary, antibiotics may be administered intravenously or as injections, to address secondary infections in the intestines. 

          The best recommendation for improving a dog’s survival rate is intervention in the early stages. As viral infections do not have a definitive cure per se, supplementing your dog’s natural immune system with the necessary tools is pertinent to improving the chances of recovery. 

          Can I treat Canine Parvovirus at home?

          Since CPV infection is a viral gastrointestinal infection, there are no home remedies that are available to treat dogs for CPV infection. In viral conditions such as CPV  veterinarians often treat the symptoms to facilitate and support the dogs’ recovery as opposed to “curing” them of the disease. That is why visiting a licensed veterinarian, and admitting your dog to an animal hospital secures their chances of recovery. 

          Canine Parvovirus be Prevented?

          Canine parvovirus vaccination, and hygiene are the best prevention steps against CPV infection. Additionally, canine parvovirus is also considered a core vaccination,  defined as vaccines recommended for all dogs, irrespective of lifestyle (unless there is a specific medical reason not to vaccinate). For puppies, a full vaccination protocol starts when they are at least 6 weeks old and continues monthly until they are 16 weeks old. 

          Puppies, and dogs that have not been fully vaccinated should not be allowed to go outdoors. This includes no outdoor walks and no interaction with other dogs who have not been up-to-date on vaccination. These precautions, though they may be deemed extreme by some, are necessary as CPV is a very resistant virus. 

          Additionally, vaccination for pregnant dogs helps to protect both the mother as well as her foetuses. This is especially necessary if your pregnant dog has insufficient antibodies to fight the virus. 

          Aside from routinely disposing of your dogs’ faecal matter, it is just as important for you to disinfect your home, especially because CPV has a long survival rate on a multitude of surfaces. Fortunately, they are vulnerable to bleach, which is an inexpensive, yet highly effective disinfectant that can be found in almost every household. By mixing a cup of bleach with approximately 4 litres of water, you will have an indispensable solution that effectively kills CPV, so long as there is at least 10 minutes of contact time between the surface and the solution.

           It is important to ensure that your dogs are vaccinated as it is the first line of defence against CPV infection.

          How Many Shots of Canine Parvovirus Vaccination Do Puppies Need?

          Vaccination starts at 6-8 weeks old, then monthly until 14-16 weeks old. All of these shots are essential to ensuring that your puppies are well-protected against CPV infections.

          It is highly discouraged for you to miss or delay a shot for over 4 weeks, as it puts your puppies at risk of contracting the disease. In the event a booster shot is either missed or delayed for more than 6 weeks, then an additional booster will be administered 3 weeks following the continuation of the immunisation schedule.

          Can a Dog Get Canine Parvovirus Twice in Its Lifetime?

          Once your dog has been infected with CPV, it is highly unlikely that they will contract the disease a second time. This is because your dogs already have the necessary antibodies to fight off the infection in their system. Be that as it may, they still pose a risk of infecting other dogs with CPV infection for about 2 weeks after they have been discharged from the animal hospital. As such, you should isolate your dog during this time frame to prevent the virus from spreading.

          After learning how fatal CPV infections can be, and how vital it is to ensure your dogs are vaccinated, Dr. Paws Vet Care strongly encourage all dog owners to ensure their canine friends’ vaccinations are up-to-date. 

          All You Need to Know About Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) 

          Table of Contents

            When it comes to feline health, an often overlooked disease that demands attention and care is the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV), a close relative of the well-known Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). While not a household name, FIV poses a massive threat to our feline friends, particularly those who roam outdoors.

            As an insidious viral infection, FIV quietly infiltrates a cat's immune cells and progressively compromises its natural defence mechanisms. Unlike some viral infections, FIV doesn't directly lead to fatal outcomes but causes secondary infections that exploit the cat's weakened immune system. FIV-infected cats ultimately succumb to secondary infections caused by a weakened immune system rather than due to the virus itself.  

            Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
            Feline immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) is a viral infection in cats that compromises their immune system.

            How is FIV transmitted? 

            Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) is primarily transmitted through bite wounds due to aggressive behaviour commonly associated with territorial disputes and mating activities among outdoor, intact male cats. 

            The virus is present in high concentrations in the saliva of infected cats, and when an FIV-positive cat bites another cat, the virus can be introduced into the bloodstream of the bitten cat. However, unlike other infectious diseases in cats, FIV is not easily transmitted through casual social contact, such as grooming, shared food and water bowls, or urine and faeces. 

            Furthermore, mother-to-kitten transmission of FIV can occur, but it is relatively uncommon. Kittens born to an FIV-positive mother may become infected during birth or through the ingestion of breast milk. 

            However, not all kittens born to FIV-positive mothers will contract the virus, and this transmission tends to happen only if the FIV-positive mothers have a high viral load. Though relatively uncommon, a pregnant FIV-infected cat may miscarry or give rise to a stillborn in some extreme cases.

            FIV kitten
            FIV can be passed on from a mother cat to her kittens, but only if the FIV-positive mothers have a high viral load.

            What are the clinical signs of FIV infection?

            Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) manifests in distinct stages, and each phase has a different facet of the infection. It's crucial to note that not all cats will go through every stage, and some may remain asymptomatic throughout their infected lives.

            Stage 1: The Acute Phase

            During the acute phase, a cat has recently contracted FIV. At this stage, the virus enters the vital immune organs, such as lymph nodes, and through white blood cells, it disseminates to other organs, including the bone marrow, brain, and lungs.

            The clinical signs may include lethargy, fever, and enlarged lymph nodes. However, some cats may exhibit no outward symptoms during this stage.

            Stage 2: The Latent Phase

            Following the acute phase, the infected cat enters a latent phase, usually characterised by an absence of observable symptoms. This period can persist for varying durations, ranging from months to years. Despite the absence of clinical signs, the virus quietly persists within the cat's system and prepares itself for the next stage.

            Stage 3: AIDS-Related Complex (ARC) Phase

            The AIDS-related complex (ARC) phase marks a critical juncture in FIV progression. At this stage, the infected cat experiences a progressive immune system compromise and becomes susceptible to various secondary infections.

            These infections can manifest in various organs and lead to complications in the eyes, gums, lungs, skin, or even the development of tumours. The ARC phase often surfaces years after the initial infection, highlighting the slow and insidious nature of FIV's impact on feline health.

            FIV infection
            FIV can result in complications in the eyes, gums, lungs, and skin.

            How is FIV diagnosed? 

            Accurate diagnosis plays a significant role in managing Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV); therefore, we provide an in-clinic test kit that can test for antibodies against FIV antigen. The diagnostic process involves testing for antibodies against the FIV antigen, which requires only a small blood sample from your cat. 

            However, as the FIV test detects antibodies, cats previously vaccinated against FIV will test positive. To overcome this, it is recommended that cats undergo FIV testing before receiving their first vaccination. This precaution ensures that subsequent tests accurately differentiate between a naturally infected cat and one that has been vaccinated.

            For kittens under 6 months old who test positive, caution is advised as maternal-derived antibodies in their blood might yield a positive result, but it doesn't necessarily indicate actual infection. Retesting is recommended after 6 months, as maternal immunity wanes, providing a clearer picture of the cat's FIV status. Persistent positivity after this age indicates the cat has encountered an FIV infection.

            False negatives can occur under specific circumstances. Recent infections may yield inaccurate results as it takes time for antibodies to develop, typically around 60 days. Moreover, some cats may exhibit a delayed response and require up to 4 months to develop sufficient antibodies for detection.

            In cases of end-stage disease, cats may have such low antibody levels that they fall below the test's detection threshold, which may result in false negatives.

            FIV FELV testing
            FIV testing usually requires a small blood sample from your cat.

            How do I take care of an FIV-positive cat? 

            Discovering that your cat is Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) positive can be pretty disheartening, but with informed care and attention, your feline companions can lead fulfilling lives despite no cure for this infection. 

            While the latent (asymptomatic) phase duration remains unpredictable, it's reassuring to know that FIV-infected cats have the potential to live up to their expected lifespan with the proper care.

            Keep your cats indoors

            The first step in caring for FIV-positive cats is to create a safe and comfortable indoor environment, as this can reduce the risk of exposure to potential infections and minimise the chances of injury from outdoor hazards. We recommend providing stimulating toys and ensuring fun indoor activities to keep your cats engaged indoors and enhance their physical and mental well-being. 

            Regular veterinary check-ups

            A regular veterinary check-up is another crucial step to protect and minimise the chances of FIV-positive cats contracting other infections. These regular follow-ups will help your veterinarian monitor the cat's overall health, detect any emerging issues, and provide timely intervention.

            Ensuring a nutritious diet

            Ensuring a well-balanced and nutritious diet is essential for supporting the immune system of FIV-positive cats. High-quality cat food, rich in essential nutrients, can improve their overall health. Raw food should be avoided, as this will expose your cat to worms and bacterial infections.

            indoor activities for cats 
            keep your FIV-infected cats indoors by engaging them in fun activities.

            What is Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV)? 

            Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV) is a pervasive infectious disease that affects cats globally. Beyond its association with leukaemia, this virus is a multifaceted threat and causes immunosuppression and the risk of contracting secondary diseases.

            While the name implies a connection to leukaemia, FeLV's impact extends far beyond this specific form of cancer. The virus targets the cat's white blood cells, which may sometimes lead to leukaemia. However, its primary mechanism lies in immunosuppression, which leaves the affected cats vulnerable to various secondary diseases.

            FeLV-induced immunosuppression weakens the cat's ability to fend off infections and creates an environment for secondary diseases to flourish. Respiratory infections, dental problems, and gastrointestinal issues are among the health complications that can arise in FeLV-positive cats.

            How is FeLV transmitted?  

            Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV) is primarily transmitted through close contact between cats. The transmission commonly occurs through the following routes:

            However, FeLV is not highly contagious and does not survive for long periods in the environment. However, the risk of transmission is higher in situations where cats have prolonged, close contact, especially in multi-cat households. 

            cat grooming
            Cats may come into contact with FeLV during grooming sessions.

            Stages of FeLV Progression

            FeLV infection unfolds in three distinct stages: abortive, regressive, and progressive.

            Stage 1: Abortive infection

            After a cat is infected with FeLV, the virus initially reproduces in the lymphoid tissues of the oropharynx (throat). If the cat's immune system successfully eliminates the virus during this stage, it is classified as having an abortive infection. Most cats with robust immune systems fall into this category.

            Stage 2: Regressive infection

            If the virus is not cleared at the initial stage of entry to the body, it infects white blood cells and migrates to the bone marrow. In regressive infection, the cat's immune system attempts to control viral replication, although complete elimination is not achieved.

            The virus remains in the bone marrow without active replication. Cats in this stage may appear healthy for extended periods, but the virus can reactivate, particularly after stressful events or immunosuppression.

            Stage 3: Progressive infection

            For cats whose immune systems cannot control or eliminate the virus, FeLV replicates extensively in lymphoid tissues, bone marrow, and epithelial tissues of salivary glands, bladder, and tear glands. Cats with progressive infections shed substantial amounts of virus in their saliva and bodily fluids. This category of cats is more prone to developing FeLV-related diseases.

            Understanding these stages is crucial for assessing the potential outcomes of FeLV infection in cats. While some cats can successfully clear the virus, others may enter a state of controlled persistence, and unfortunately, a portion may experience ongoing replication, leading to increased health risks. Regular veterinary monitoring and preventive measures are critical components in managing FeLV-infected cats at each stage of the infection.

            What are the clinical signs of FeLV?

            Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV) infections can manifest in various clinical signs, with distinct presentations depending on the stage of infection.

            Cats in the regressive stage may outwardly appear normal, yet the virus can reactivate, particularly during times of stress, and give rise to symptoms. On the other hand, progressive FeLV infection results in multiple health challenges, including the heightened risk of leukaemia, lymphoma, and immunosuppression, making cats susceptible to secondary infections.

            Common clinical signs include fever, lethargy, weight loss, and lymph node enlargement, which warrant attention during routine monitoring. Other symptoms include respiratory infections marked by coughing and nasal discharge, oral ulcers that impact eating habits, and gastrointestinal disturbances that lead to vomiting and diarrhoea.

            Recognising these clinical cues is crucial for early detection and timely intervention. Cats exhibiting these symptoms, particularly those with a history of FeLV exposure, should undergo immediate veterinary evaluation.

            cat vomiting
            Vomiting and other gastrointestinal issues are characteristic of FeLV infections.

            How is FeLV diagnosed?

            FeLV can be diagnosed in the clinic with a simple blood test that detects the viral antigen (part of a virus). For regressive cats, as the viral levels in their blood fluctuate depending on whether the virus is in its dormant or reactivated stage, some regressive cats may test negative. 

            However, it's essential to note that for regressive cats, whose viral levels can fluctuate depending on whether the virus is in its dormant or reactivated stage, there may be instances where these cats test negative. Therefore, it’s essential to focus on the cat's clinical history, potential exposure, and symptoms and repeat testing for accurate diagnosis, especially in cases where initial results are inconclusive. 

            Regular veterinary monitoring and consultation are essential to the diagnostic process and ensuring the well-being of FeLV-infected cats. To ensure the health and well-being of your feline companions, schedule an appointment with Dr Paws Vet Care today! 

            regular medical check-ups
            Regular veterinary monitoring is crucial for ensuring the well-being of FeLV-infected cats.

            What are the treatment options for FeLV-infected cats?

            Regrettably, there is currently no cure for the Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV); therefore, it is essential to take proactive measures in its management. A crucial step in safeguarding feline health is testing any newcomer cats before introducing them into a household. This precautionary approach allows for the early identification of FeLV-positive individuals and helps make informed decisions about their integration into a new environment.

            While a definitive cure remains elusive, regular testing, preventive strategies, and close collaboration with veterinary professionals can also help minimise the impact of FeLV on feline populations. The vigilance and preventative measures are crucial for maintaining the health and well-being of individual cats and the overall feline community.